They were a series of conflicts which occurred during the 1860s and 1870s between Maori and British settlersgovernment These conflicts primarily centred on the issue of land and sovereignty Overview ID: 691515
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Slide1
The New Zealand WarsSlide2
The New Zealand Wars have also been known as the ‘Land Wars’.
They were a series of conflicts which occurred during the 1860s and 1870s between Maori and British settlers/government.
These conflicts primarily centred on the issue of land and sovereignty.
OverviewSlide3
The First
Taranaki
WarThe Second Taranaki War
The East Cape/East Coast War
The Invasion of Waikato Titokowaru’s WarTe Kooti’s War
Important WarsSlide4
CausesSlide5
Maori and British settlers/government had very different understandings of the ways the Treaty of Waitangi would alter everyday life in NZ.
Land ownership-
who would be entitled to land
Sovereignty-
each side thought that they would have sovereignty over NZLaw- Maori did not think they would be under the control of the laws of the colonial government.
Different Understandings of the TreatySlide6
Conflicts between Maori and British had occurred in the
1840s in Wairau and the North.
These conflicts were centred on disagreements over entitlement to land.
The War in the North ended in a
stalemate as a result of terrain, Maori tactics and the engineering of Maori pa sites.The outcome of this conflict paved the way for ongoing conflict between Maori and Pakeha. The British Government was quick to dismiss Maori skills in battle, but Maori had discovered
key strategic advantages
they could exploit against the British.
Earlier Land ConflictsSlide7
The movement was established in the
Central North Island in the 1850s
and aimed to appoint a Maori King.This contributed to the outbreak of wars- particularly those in the Central North Island as the
Kingitanga
Movement was perceived as a threat to authority by the colonial government.Wars in these areas were an attempt to assert colonial authority as well as to obtain land in these regions.
Kingitanga
MovementSlide8
In the 1840s George Grey had been appointed as Governor of NZ.
However, he was replaced by
Thomas Gore Browne (Governor Browne) in 1855
.
Although Browne had initially hoped to protect Maori welfare, this was quickly subverted by his belief in British sovereignty. This led directly to the outbreak of war in Taranaki in 1860.In
1861, Browne was replaced by George Grey
(in his second term). In this term Grey was faced with the atmosphere of conflict which had emerged under Browne’s leadership and thus pursued an agenda of both ‘peace’ and ‘war’ policies simultaneously.
Change in GovernorsSlide9
This meeting was called by Governor Browne and occurred in
July-August of 1860.
It was the first and only real attempt to re-examine the Treaty of Waitangi.
The Government perspective was that the conference was another opportunity to deal with
problems centring on land and the Kingitanga Movement.Maori were seeking a way past the difficulties of land issues and war in Taranaki
, as well as to
reassert their understanding of the Treaty.
Maori were represented by around 200 chiefs but those that opposed the government were excluded.
Conference at
Kohimarama
1860Slide10
The outcome of the conference was that government did not really listen to concerns expressed by Maori, and they
failed to address the key issue of sovereignty.
At the conference Maori felt that they had better understood what was protected under article two of the Treaty.
Because the conference failed to adequately address real issues (sovereignty) and did not include all Maori, it
failed to provide solutions to the problems in understanding across all parties. Thus conflict continued.Conference at
Kohimarama
1860Slide11
Pai
Marire was a peaceful religious movement which emerged in
1862
under the leadership of prophet Te Ua Haumere.The aim of the religion was to
redress Maori social and economic deprivation.
However this was lost as Maori faced continuing threats of military action from the colonial government and
the movement became more militant- this militant group became known as the
HauHau
.
To a certain extent this arose out of conflicts which were occurring over land prior to 1862- however the opposition this established between Maori and
Pakeha
, as well as their militant attitude were central to a range of wars.
Emergence of
Pai
MarireSlide12
Events and PeopleSlide13
War occurred between
March 1860-March 1861.
Conflict occurred mostly around the Waitara
River.
Wiremu Kingi and
Taranaki
supporters fought to retain land which was the source of their
mana
and independence.
Settlers were
seeking land for farming
in New Plymouth and British Government sought to
assert substantive sovereignty.
The
Waitara
Block had been offered for sale by a minor chief
but he
was overruled by
Wiremu
Kingi
.
Maori were relatively successful with
purpose-built Pa tactics and raiding
of Pakeha settlements, the British had difficulty achieving any sort of victory.Pakeha propaganda was used to conceal their lack of success.A ceasefire was agreed to in 1861 and an investigation undertaken into the sale of the Waitara Block.
War in
TaranakiSlide14
The Invasion of Waikato was
initiated by Governor Grey
. He constructed an excuse for this war by blaming conflict in
Taranaki
on the Kingitanga Movement, and suggesting that they were planning an attack on Auckland.He prepared for this by; building the Great South Road
to allow easy access of troops and artillery to Waikato,
establishing military posts
near the river and exaggerating the threat of Maori to the colonial office.
On July 9
th
1863, Grey ordered all Maori north of
Mangatawhiri
to
swear an oath of allegiance to the Queen
, but ordered invasion before this message could reach them.
Invasion of Waikato 1863Slide15
Maori support for the
Kingites
was broad- between 15-26 tribes sent contingents.
The British had the
highest number of troops here, of any conflict. 7% of the total population. They were supported by Te Arawa tribe (reinforcing an existing tribal conflict with Waikato).
British troops moved to Waikato in July. Their aim was to destroy the
Kingitanga
Movement.
Battles began around
Pukekawa
/
Meremere
and spread north to South Auckland, before moving to Waikato in areas such as
Rangiriri
and
Orakau
.
Outcomes here were
uncertain
- Maori fought with some success but ultimately surrendered several sites.
British were unwilling to advance further south than
Orakau
due to rugged terrain and thus turned their attention to the Bay of Plenty/East Coast.Invasion of Waikato
ctd
.Slide16
After conflict settled in Waikato,
Rawiri
Puhirake (chief of Ngai
te
Rangi) provoked British troops sent to control Tauranga Harbour.There was a lack of response initially which caused them to increase provocation.The attack began in April, and the
British expected easy victory
(due to numbers of troops). However they suffered significant losses and
had to retreat
as a result of pa warfare tactics.
They blamed ill-discipline of troops and poor leadership. Troops were withdrawn 2 weeks later.
As a result of this
Governor Grey
began to consider the idea of
making peace with the
Kingitanga
Movement.
War in
BoP
/East Coast 1864Slide17
Titokowaru
was from South
Taranaki.In the 1840s he made a commitment to
Methodist Christianity
, but rejected this in the 1850s to oppose land sales.He was influenced by Pai
Marire
to create his own religion directed towards peace.
He used tactics of compromise, peace meetings and passive resistance.
In
1868
Titokowaru
and his followers became involved in conflict in response to land confiscation.
Although they were
significantly outnumbered
, they had a number of success in battle and began to pose a threat to the Colonial Government.
In 1869
Titokowaru
lost much
mana
and support
after committing adultery. He withdraws, and settles back in
Taranaki
.TitokowaruSlide18Slide19
Te
Kooti had fought with
the Colonial Government
against the Hauhau on the East Coast in 1865. Consequently he was arrested and sent to the Chatham Islands.Revelations during this time made him a prophet and led directly to his development of the
Ringatu
Faith
, the oldest surviving Maori religion.
In
July 1868
,
Te
Kooti
led an escape from the
Chathams
to Poverty Bay.
His armed conflict with
Pakeha
began a couple of weeks later. It was caused primarily by his
seeking retribution
for wrongful arrest and the
stimulation of resistance
to British laws caused by his return to the East Coast.
Te KootiSlide20Slide21
Te
Kooti
Te
Kooti established himself near Lake Waikaremoana but his presence was opposed by both the Kingitanga
Movement and
Tuhoe
.
He attacked
both Maori and
Pakeha
in Poverty Bay because of his desire for
utu
,
religious inspiration
and in response to what he perceived to be
illegal land sales
especially in
Matawhero
.
He often gained support through fear and made many enemies both Maori and
Pakeha
.
In 1869 he withdrew to the Urewera- making raids from here. Between 1869 and 1872 he was
pursued
by the government throughout the country.
In
1872
he arrived in the King Country but was not granted sanctuary until
he renounced war
.
From this point onwards he focused on the development of the
Ringatu
Religion.Slide22
Outcomes of the WarsSlide23
Maori wo
n
the majority of the actual fighting in the wars.
In spite of this,
Pakeha propaganda made it possible for the government to conceal this.
This allowed them to prioritise law-making and law enforcement, and to assert their dominance in this way.
Battle SuccessSlide24
In 1863 the government accepted responsibility for
“Native Affairs”
and began to pass legislation which was being pushed for.This led to policies such as;
Land confiscation
More Pakeha settlementPakeha political dominance.Ultimately this allowed the government to effectively marginalise Maori socially, economically and politically
in spite of their policy of amalgamation.
Increased Government DominanceSlide25
Suppression of Rebellion Act 1863:
This authorised the trial and punishment of those suspected of rebellion by summary court-martial proceedings
without right of appeal
to the Supreme Court
.New Zealand Settlements Act 1863: Enabled confiscation of land from Maori “rebels”. This was known as Raupatu
4.73
million acres
were confiscated in Waikato,
Taranaki
, Bay of Plenty, Hawkes Bay and the East Coast.
Significant ActsSlide26
Land confiscated by the government under the New Zealand Settlements Act 1863Slide27
Native Lands Act 1865/The Native Land CourtsSlide28
Native Schools Act 1867:
Maori Representation Act 1867:
Significant ActsSlide29
Impact on Race RelationsSlide30
SignificanceSlide31
In the 19
th
CenturySlide32
Ongoing