24.5 Fatty Acid Synthesis - PowerPoint Presentation

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24.5 Fatty Acid Synthesis

When the body has met all its energy needs and the glycogen stores are full, acetyl CoA from the breakdown of carbohydrates and fatty acids is used to synthesize new fatty acids in the cytosol.two-carbon acetyl units are linked to form a 16-carbon fatty acid, palmitic acid, in the pathway called lipogenesis.

Learning Goal Describe the biosynthesis of fatty acids from acetyl CoA.

Lipogenesis: Fatty Acid Synthesis

The synthesis of fatty acids proceeds in a separate pathway, with different enzymes; it is not a simple reversal of fatty acid oxidation. occurs in the cytosol using the reduced coenzyme NADPH instead of occurring in the mitochondria, where oxidation takes place using FAD and NAD+.

The reduced coenzyme NADPH is similar to that of NADH, with a phosphate group.

Synthesis, Acyl Carrier Protein, ACP

In fatty acid synthesis,an acyl carrier protein

(HS — ACP) activates the acyl

compounds.

HS — ACP contains the

thiol

and pantothenic acid

(vitamin B5) groups found in acetyl CoA attached to a protein.

Preparation of Activated Carriers

Before fatty acid synthesis can begin, the activated carriers must be synthesized.The synthesis of a three-carbon malonyl ACP requires the synthesis of malonyl CoA, when acetyl CoA combines with bicarbonate.the hydrolysis of ATP, which provides the energy for the reaction.

Preparation of Activated Carriers

The activated forms of malonyl ACP and acetyl ACP are produced when the acyl group is combined with HS — ACP.

Synthesis of Fatty Acids: Reaction 1

The synthesis of a fatty acid occurs in the cytosol and requires a cycle of four reactions: In reaction 1, condensation,3-ketoacyl ACP synthase catalyzes the condensation of acetyl ACP and malonyl

ACP. a four-carbon acetoacetyl ACP and CO2 are produced.

Synthesis of Fatty Acids: Reaction 2

In reaction 2, reduction,3-ketoacyl ACP reductase reduces the 3-keto group using 2H from NADPH + H+

.3-hydroxyacyl ACP, an alcohol, and the oxidized coenzyme NADP+ are produced.In the cytosol, NADPH is used to provide hydrogen for reduction reactions.

Synthesis of Fatty Acids: Reaction 3

In reaction 3, dehydration,3-hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase catalyzes the dehydration of the hydroxyl. a trans double bond in trans-2-enoyl ACP is formed.

Synthesis of Fatty Acids: Reaction 4

In reaction 4, reduction,enoyl ACP reductase uses hydrogen from NADPH + H+ to reduce the double bond to a single bond.

butyryl ACP, a saturated four-carbon compound, two carbon atoms longer than the original acetyl ACP, forms.

Fatty Acid Synthesis, Cycle Repeats

The cycle of fatty acid synthesis repeats asmalonyl-ACP combines with the four-carbon butyryl

-ACP to form six-carbon hexanoyl-ACP.

C

16

palmitoyl

ACP, is hydrolyzed to yield palmitate and HS — ACP after seven cycles. The overall equation for the synthesis of palmitate from acetyl CoA is written as follows:

Longer and Shorter Fatty Acids

Palmitate is the first fatty acid produced by fatty acid synthesis. However, shorter fatty acids are released earlier in the fatty acid synthesis process before there are 16 carbon atoms in the

chain.longer fatty acids are produced with special enzymes that add two-carbon acetyl units to the carboxyl end of the fatty acid chain.

Regulation of Fatty Acid Synthesis

Fatty acid synthesis occurs in the adipose tissue and is stimulated by insulin. When blood glucose is high, insulin moves glucose into the cells, stimulating glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate.produces acetyl CoA for fatty acid synthesis.Two carbons are added to the growing fatty acid chain by using three-carbon

malonyl units. The transport of acyl groups into the matrix of the mitochondria is blocked, preventing their oxidation.

Summary of Lipogenesis

In fatty acid synthesis (lipogenesis2), two-carbon units

from acetyl CoA are added together to form palmitate.

Comparing β

Oxidation and Fatty Acid Synthesis

Study Check

Match each with the description below.1) Mitochondria 2)

cytosol 3) glucagon 4)

Insulin

5)

acetyl

ACP

6) malonyl ACPA. site of fatty acid synthesisB. site of β oxidation

C. starting material for

lipogenesis

D. compound added to elongate acyl-ACP

E. activates

β

oxidation

F. activates

lipogenesis

Solution

Match each with the description below.1) Mitochondria 2)

cytosol 3) glucagon 4)

Insulin

5)

acetyl

ACP

6) malonyl ACPA. site of fatty acid synthesis B. site of β

oxidation

starting

material for

lipogenesis

D. compound added to elongate

acyl-ACP

E. activates

β

oxidation

F. activates

lipogenesis

2)

cytosol

1)

mitochondria

5)

acetyl ACP,

6)

malonyl

ACP

6)

malonyl

ACP

3)

glucagon

4)

insulin