Civil Rights Timeline Early Movement: - PowerPoint Presentation

1. Civil Rights TimelineEarly Movement:Setting the Stage for the Modern Movement

2. Abolitionist Groups Form1775Founding of the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery (PAS), the world's first antislavery society and the first Quaker anti-slavery society. Benjamin Franklin becomes Honorary President of the Society in 1787.Thomas Paine speaks out against slavery and joins the PAS with Benjamin Rush.

3. Slave Trade Act of 1794Passed by the United States Congress that limited American involvement in the trade of human cargo. This was the first of several acts of Congress that eventually stopped the importation of slaves to the United States.The bill was introduced during the 3rd Congress that convened December 2, 1793. This bill was then passed March 22, 1794, with the title: An Act to prohibit the carrying on the Slave Trade from the United States to any foreign place or country.In August 1795, Providence, Rhode Island merchant John Brown conspired to trade in slaves. In 1796 Brown’s ship traveled to Havana, Cuba with 229 slaves. This trading voyage led to a trial of Brown in 1796 for violating the statute. Brown became the first American tried in federal court under the Slave Trade Act of 1794. Then on October 5, 1797, Brown lost his case and was forced to forfeit the ship in accordance with the law.

4. States begin to outlaw slaverySignificant datesVTPAMANHCTRINYNJEuropean settlement16661638162016231633163616241620First record of slaveryc.1760?16391629?16451639165216261627Official end of slavery17771780178317831784178417991804Actual end of slavery1777c.18451783c.1845?1848184218271865

5. Fugitive Slave Act 1793Mandated the return of any slave runaways. However, at that time, several Northern states began requiring a trial prior to the return of any alleged fugitive slaves. Ultimately, many of the Northern states did not necessarily comply with this act, as they were creating laws to ensure the personal liberties of all citizens, in an effort to prevent any free blacks from being kidnapped and inadvertently sent into slavery in the South. During these mandated trials, Northern juries were unlikely to rule in favor of the Fugitive Slave Act, instead protecting any slaves that had escaped to freedom.

6. Importation of slaves bannedA senator from Vermont first introduced a bill to ban the importation of slaves in late 1805, and President Thomas Jefferson recommended the same course of action in his annual address to Congress a year later, in December 1806. The law was finally passed by both houses of Congress on March 2, 1807, and Jefferson signed it into law on March 3, 1807. However, given the restriction imposed by Article I, Section 9 of the Constitution, the law would only become effective on January 1, 1808. The law carried a fine of $800 for knowingly buying an illegally imported slave to $20,000 for equipping a slave ship. The law was poorly enforced and often violated.

7. Abolitionist MovementIn 1831 William Lloyd Garrison of Boston begins publishing The Liberator, the most famous anti-slavery newspaper.

8. Slave Rebellion1831 -- Nat Turner leads slave rebellion in Virginia; 57 whites killed; U.S. troops kill 100 slaves; Turner caught, tried and hanged.

9. Female AbolitionistsEach year the American Anti-Slavery Society distributed an almanac containing poems, drawings, essays, and other abolitionist material. This issue was compiled by Lydia Maria Child (1802-1880), a popular writer recruited to the abolitionist cause by William Lloyd Garrison. In 1833, Mrs. Child produced An Appeal in Favor of that Class of Americans Called Africans, a sensational anti-slavery publication that won converts to the movement. From 1841 to 1849, she edited the New York-based National Anti-Slavery Standard newspaper.

10. Oberlin College Oberlin College, founded in 1833 is the first U.S. college to adopt co-education, is first to refuse to ban black students.

11. Fugitive Slave ActOn September 18, 1850, the United States passed the Fugitive Slave Act (also known as the Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Law). Highly controversial for its time, the Fugitive Slave Act declared that any runaway slaves that had escaped their masters and were living free in the North should be returned at once to their masters.

12. Ain’t I a Woman?Sojourner Truth connected with the abolitionist movement, becoming a popular speaker. In 1850, she also began speaking on woman suffrage. Her most famous speech, Ain't I a Woman?, was given in 1851 at a women's rights convention in Ohio.

13. Underground RailroadHarriet Tubman- A worker on the Underground Railroad, Tubman made 13 trips to the South, helping to free over 70 people.Created in the early 19th century, the Underground Railroad was at its height between 1850 and 1860

14. Uncle Tom’s Cabin1852March 20 – Uncle Tom's Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe is published.

15. Dred Scott Supreme Court Decision1857 -- Dred Scott Supreme Court decision rules that slaves do not become free when taken into a free state, that Congress cannot bar slavery from a territory, and that blacks cannot become citizens.

16. Civil War Begins1861 -- Confederate States of America formed.Civil War begins.

17. Emancipation Proclamation1863 -- President Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation freeing "all slaves in areas still in rebellion."

18. 1865Civil War ends on April 9th. In December the 13th Amendment, abolishing slavery, added to the Constitution.

19. Ku Klux Klan FormsThe first Klan was founded in 1865 in Pulaski, Tennessee, as a terrorist organization by veterans of the Confederate Army. They named it after the Greek word kuklos , which means circle. The name means "Circle of Brothers.“Nathan Bedford Forrest is the first Grand Wizard.Although there was no organizational structure above the local level, similar groups arose across the South, adopting the name and methods. Klan groups spread throughout the South as an insurgent movement during the Reconstruction era in the United States.

20. Civil Rights Act of 1866April 9 – The Civil Rights Act of 1866 is passed by Congress over Johnson's presidential veto. All persons born in the United States are now citizens.

21. 186814th Amendment conferring citizenship added to Constitution.

22. 1868Elizabeth Hobbs Keckley, a former slave turned successful seamstress who is most notably known as being Mary Todd Lincoln's personal modiste and confidante, publishes her autobiography, Behind the Scenes Or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House.

23. 187015th Amendment barring racial discrimination in voting added to Constitution.

24. Civil Rights Act of 1871Under the Klan Act during Reconstruction, federal troops were used rather than state militias to enforce the law, and Klansmen were prosecuted in federal court, where juries were often predominantly black. Hundreds of Klan members were fined or imprisoned, and habeas corpus was suspended in nine counties in South Carolina. These efforts were so successful that the Klan was destroyed in South Carolina and decimated throughout the rest of the former Confederacy, where it had already been in decline for several years. The Klan was not to exist again until its recreation in 1915, but it had already achieved many of its goals in the South, such as denying voting rights to Southern blacksIntroduced as an anti-Klan bill, intended to enforce both the Fourteenth Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

25. 1875 Congress passes civil rights act granted equal rights in public accommodations and jury duty.

26. 1883Supreme Court invalidates 1875 Civil Rights Act, saying that the federal government cannot bar discrimination by corporations or individuals.

27. 1884Judy W. Reed, of Washington, D.C., and Sarah E. Goode, of Chicago, are the first African-American women inventors to receive patents. Signed with an "X", Reed's patent no. 305,474, granted September 23, 1884, is for a dough kneader and roller. Goode's patent for a cabinet bed, patent no. 322,177, is issued on July 14, 1885. Goode, the owner of a Chicago furniture store, invented a folding bed that could be formed into a desk when not in use.

28. Ida B. WellsIn 1884 sues the Chesapeake, Ohio & South Western Railroad Company for its use of segregated "Jim Crow" cars.

29. Plessy vs. Ferguson1896 -- Supreme Court approves "separate but equal" segregation doctrine.

30. 1892Ida B. Wells publishes her pamphlet Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases.

31. 1905July 11 – First meeting of the Niagara Movement, an interracial group to work for civil rights.

32. Alpha Kappa Alpha1908Alpha Kappa Alpha – At Howard University, African-American college women found the first college sorority for African-American women.

33. NAACP Forms1909February 12 – Planned first meeting of group which would become the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), an interracial group devoted to civil rights. The meeting actually occurs on May 31, but February 12 is normally cited as the NAACP's founding date.May 31 – The National Negro Committee meets and is formed; it will be the precursor to the NAACP.1910May 30 – The National Negro Committee chooses "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People" as its organization name.

34. Resegregation of Federal Workplaces1914Newly elected president Woodrow Wilson orders physical re-segregation of federal workplaces and employment after nearly 50 years of integrated facilities

35. 1916The Great Migration begins and lasts until 1940. Approximately one and a half million African-Americans move from the Southern United States to the North and Midwest. More than five million migrate in the Second Great Migration from 1940–1970, which includes more destinations in California and the West.

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37. Race Riots1919summer – Red Summer of 1919 riots: Chicago, Washington, D.C.; Knoxville, Indianapolis, and elsewhere.September 28 – Omaha Race Riot of 1919, Nebraska.October 1–5 – Elaine Race Riot, Phillips County, Arkansas. Numerous blacks are convicted by an all-white jury or plead guilty. In Moore v. Dempsey (1923), the Supreme Court overturns six convictions for denial of due process under the Fourteenth Amendment.1921May 31 – Tulsa Race Riot, Oklahoma

38. Organizing Agencies1925American Negro Labor Congress founded.Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters organized.The Harlem Renaissance is named after the anthology The New Negro, edited by Alain Locke (also known as the New Negro Movement).1929The League of United Latin American Citizens, the first organization to fight for the civil rights of Hispanic Americans, is founded in Corpus Christi, Texas.1930The League of Struggle for Negro Rights is founded in New York City.Jessie Daniel Ames forms the Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching. She gets 40,000 white women to sign a pledge against lynching and for change in the South

39. Scottsboro Boys Trail1931March 25 – Scottsboro Boys arrested. All are later freed, pardoned or paroled. The film Heavens Fall was made about the incident

40. 1937Zora Neale Hurston authors the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God

41. 1939Easter Sunday – Marian Anderson performs on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. at the instigation of Secretary of Interior Harold Ickes after the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR) refused permission for Anderson to sing to an integrated audience in Constitution Hall and the federally controlled District of Columbia Board of Education declined a request to use the auditorium of a white public high school.

42. Strange FruitBillie Holiday first performs "Strange Fruit" in New York City. The song, a protest against lynching written by Abel Meeropol under the pen name Lewis Allan, became a signature song for Holiday.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=isU_OjY94NY

43. 1939 ProtestsAugust 21 – Five African-American men recruited and trained by African-American attorney Samuel Wilbert Tucker conduct a sit-in at the then-segregated Alexandria, Virginia, library and are arrested after being refused library cards.September 21 – Followers of Father Divine and the International Peace Mission Movement join with workers to protest racially unfair hiring practices by conducting "a kind of customers' nickel sit down strike" in a restaurant.

44. 1940Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African-American to win an Academy Award. She wins Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Mammy in Gone with the Wind.

45. Legal Defense FundNAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund is formed in 1940.

46. March on Washington Planned1941January 25 – A. Philip Randolph proposes a March on Washington, effectively beginning the March on Washington Movement.

47. Congress on Racial Equality Forms1942Six non-violence activists in the Fellowship of Reconciliation — Bernice Fisher, James Russell Robinson, George Houser, James Farmer, Jr., Joe Guinn and Homer Jack — found the Committee on Racial Equality, which becomes Congress of Racial Equality

48. 1944April 3 – In Smith vs. Allwright, the Supreme Court rules that the whites-only Democratic Party primary in Texas was unconstitutional.April 25 – The United Negro College Fund is incorporated.July 17 – Port Chicago disaster, which led to the Port Chicago mutiny.August 1–7 - Philadelphia transit strike of 1944 - a strike by white transit workers protesting against job advancement by black workers is broken by the U.S. military under the provisions of the Smith-Connally ActNovember 7 – Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. is elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Harlem, New York.Miami hires its first black police officers.

49. 1946June 3 – In Morgan v. Virginia, the US Supreme Court invalidates provisions of the Virginia Code which require the separation of white and colored passengers where applied to interstate bus transport. The state law is unconstitutional insofar as it is burdening interstate commerce – an area of federal jurisdiction.Irene Morgan ,27-year-old Baltimore-born African-American was arrested and jailed in Virginia for refusing to give up her seat on an interstate Greyhound bus to a white person.

50. COREApril 9 – The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) sends 16 men on the Journey of Reconciliation.The two-week journey by 16 men began on 9 April 1947. It was seen as inspiring the later Freedom Rides of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement. James Peck, one of the white participants, also took part in the Freedom Ride of May 1961.

51. 1948January 12 – In Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla., the Supreme Court rules that the State of Oklahoma and the University of Oklahoma Law School could not deny admission based on race ("color").May 3 – In Shelley v. Kraemer, and companion case Hurd v Hodge (ACLU) the Supreme Court rules that the government cannot enforce racially restrictive covenants and asserts that they are in conflict with the nation's public policy.July 12 – Hubert Humphrey makes a controversial speech in favor of American civil rights at the Democratic National Convention.July 26 – President Harry S. Truman issues Executive Order 9981 ordering the end of segregation in the Armed Forces.Atlanta hires its first black police officers.

52. 1950June 5 – In McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents the Supreme Court rules that a public institution of higher learning could not provide different treatment to a student solely because of his race.June 5 – In Sweatt v. Painter the Supreme Court rules that a separate-but-equal Texas law school was actually unequal, partly in that it deprived black students from the collegiality of future white lawyers.June 5 – In Henderson v. United States the Supreme Court abolishes segregation in railroad dining cars.The Leadership Conference on Civil Rights is created in Washington, DC to promote the enactment and enforcement of effective civil rights legislation and policy.

53. 1951April 23 – High school students in Farmville, Virginia, go on strike: the case Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County is heard by the Supreme Court in 1954 as part of Brown v. Board of Education.July 26 – The United States Army high command announces it will desegregate the Army.December 24 – The home of NAACP activists Harry and Harriette Moore in Mims, Florida, is bombed by KKK group; both die of injuries.December 28 – The Regional Council of Negro Leadership (RCNL) is founded in Cleveland, Mississippi by T.R.M. Howard, Amzie Moore, Aaron Henry, and other civil rights activists. Assisted by member Medgar Evers, the RCNL distributed more than 50,000 bumper stickers bearing the slogan, "Don't Buy Gas Where you Can't Use the Restroom." This campaign successfully pressured many Mississippi service stations to provide restrooms for blacks.

54. School Desegregation 1952April 1 – Chancellor Collins J. Seitz finds for the black plaintiffs (Gebhart v. Belton, Gebhart v. Bulah) and orders the integration of Hockessin elementary and Claymont High School in Delaware based on assessment of "separate but equal" public school facilities required by the Delaware constitution.September 4 – Eleven black students attend the first day of school at Claymont High School, Delaware, becoming the first black students in the 17 segregated states to integrate a white public school. The day occurs without incident or notice by the community

55. 1954 Court CasesMay 3 – In Hernandez v. Texas, the Supreme Court of the United States rules that Mexican Americans and all other racial groups in the United States are entitled to equal protection under the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.May 17 – The Supreme Court rules against the "separate but equal" doctrine in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kans. Supreme Court rules on Bolling v. Sharpe, thus overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.Frankie Muse Freeman is the lead attorney for the landmark NAACP case Davis et al. v. the St. Louis Housing Authority, which ended legal racial discrimination in public housing with the city. Constance Baker Motley was also an attorney for NAACP: it was a rarity to have two women attorneys leading such a high-profile case.

56. 1954July 30 – At a special meeting in Jackson, Mississippi called by Governor Hugh White, T.R.M. Howard of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership, along with nearly one hundred other black leaders, publicly refuse to support a segregationist plan to maintain "separate but equal" in exchange for a crash program to increase spending on black schools.November – Charles Diggs, Jr., of Detroit is elected to Congress, the first African American elected from Michigan.

57. BacklashJuly 11 – The first White Citizens' Council meeting takes place, in Mississippi.

58. Emmett Till MurderAugust 28 – Teenager Emmett Till is killed for whistling at a white woman in Money, Mississippi.