Chapter 8 JOINTS aka Articulations 2 Functions Hold Bones Together Allows otherwise rigid skeleton to have some flexibility Classification of Joints Functionally Named according to how much movement allowed joint ID: 929355
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Slide1
joints
Honors Anatomy
& Physiology
Chapter 8
Slide2JOINTS
aka Articulations
2 Functions:
Hold Bones Together
Allows otherwise rigid skeleton to have some flexibility
Slide3Classification of Joints
Functionally
Named according to how much movement allowed @ joint
Structurally
Named according to presence of fibrous tissue, cartilage, or a joint cavity separate the articulated bones
Slide4Functional Joints
Synarthrosis
Immovable joints
Skull bones
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly movable joints
Symphysis
pubis
Diarthrosis
Freely movable joints
Ball & Socket or Hinge Joints
Slide5Structural Joints
Fibrous Joints
Bones united by fibrous tissue
Joint connecting distal tibia & fibula
Cartilaginous Joints
Bone ends connected by cartilage
Pubic
symphysis
Synovial Joints
Articulating ends of bone separated by joint cavity
Slide64 Features of Synovial Joints
Articular
Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage covers ends of bones
Fibrous
Articular
Capsule
Joint surfaces enclosed by capsule of fibrous CT
Capsule lined by synovial membrane
Joint Cavity
Contains synovial fluid
Reinforcing Ligaments
Reinforce fibrous
articular
capsule
Slide7General Structure
of a
Synovial Joint
Articular
Cartilage
Joint Cavity
Articular
Capsule
Synovial Fluid
Reinforcing Ligaments
Nerves & Blood Vessels
Some also have: menisci,
bursae
, tendon sheaths outside the joint proper
Slide8Slide9Factors Influencing Stability of Synovial Joints
Joints must be stabilized to avoid dislocation
Stability of a joint depends on 3 factors:
Articular
surfaces: overall minor role
Ligaments: prevent excessive or undesirable motion at the joint
Muscle tone: muscle tendons that cross the joint most stabilizing factor
Slide10Types of Synovial Joints
PLANE JOINT
Articular
surfaces flat
Allow gliding movement (w/out rotation)
Example:
intercarpal
joints of wrist & ankle
Slide11Types of Synovial Joints
2. HINGE JOINT
cylindrical end of bone fits into trough-shaped surface of another bone
Angular movement allowed in 1 plane
Examples: elbow, knee,
interphalangeal
joints
Slide12Types of Synovial Joints
3. PIVOT JOINT
Rounded end of 1 bone fits into sleeve or ring of another bone
allows 1 bone to rotate along its long axis
Example: joint between atlas & dens of axis
Slide13Types of Synovial Joints
4.CONDYLOID JOINT
“knuckle-like”
Egg-shaped end of 1 bone fits into oval concavity in another bone
Allows for moving bone to travel side-to-side & back-and-forth but cannot rotate along its long axis
Example:
metacarpophalangeal
joint
Slide144. CONDYLOID JOINT
Slide15Types of Synovial Joints
5. SADDLE JOINTS
Each
articular
surface has convex & concave areas
Same movements as
condyloid
joints
Example: twiddling your thumbs
Slide16Types of Synovial Joints
6. BALL & SOCKET JOINTS
Spherical head of 1 bone fits into a round socket formed by 1 or more bones
Allows movement is 3 dimensions(most freely moving of synovial joints)
Slide17Types of Movements
@
Synovial Joints
1. Gliding
relatively flat surfaces move back-and-forth & side-to-side
Slide18Types of Movements
@
Synovial Joints
2. flexion/extension/ hyperextension:
opposite movements
flexion: decrease in angle between articulating bones
extension: increase in angle between articulating bones
hyperextension: continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position
Slide19Slide20Types of Movements
@
Synovial Joints
3. abduction/adduction/
circumduction
abduction: movement of bone away from midline
adduction: movement of bone toward midline
circumduction
: movement of distal end of a body part in a circle
Slide21Slide22Types of Movements
@
Synovial Joints
4. elevation/depression:
elevation: upward movement of part of body (closing mouth, shrugging shoulders)
depression: downward movement of part of body (opening mouth, returning elevated shrugged shoulders to anatomical position)
Slide23Slide24Types of Movements
@
Synovial Joints
5. protraction/retraction
protraction: movement of part of body
anteriorly
in transverse plane
retraction: returning a protracted part of body to anatomical position
Slide25Slide26Types of Movements
@
Synovial Joints
6. inversion/
eversion
inversion: movement of soles medially @
intertarsal
joints (soles face each other)
eversion
: movement of soles laterally @
intertarsal
joints
Slide27Slide28Types of Movements
@
Synovial Joints
7.
dorsiflexion
/ plantar flexion
dorsiflexion
: bending foot @ ankle in direction of dorsum (superior surface)
plantar flexion: bending foot @ ankle in direction of plantar surface
Slide29Slide30Types of Movements
@
Synovial Joints
8.
supination
/
pronation
supination
: movement of forearm in which palm is turned
anteriorly
pronation
: movement of forearm in which distal end of radius crosses over distal end ulna & palm is turned
posteriorly
Slide31Slide32Types of Movements
@
Synovial Joints
9. opposition
movement of thumb in which thumb moves across palm to touch tips of the fingers on same hand
Slide33Slide34Ball - & - Socket Joint
ball-like surface of one bone fits into a cuplike depression of another bone
permits movement around 3 axis + all directions in between
flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
circumduction
rotation
Slide35Slide36SPRAINS
Ligaments or tendons reinforcing a joint are damaged by excessive stretching or tearing
Both have poor blood supply so heal slowly
Slide37ARTHRITIS
“inflammation of a joint”
General term for >100 different diseases
Most wide-spread, disabling disease in USA
Onset: same symptoms: joint stiffness & swelling
Synovial membrane
inflammed
thickens less synovial fluid increased friction
Slide38Rheumatoid Arthritis
Autoimmune disorder
Adult onset or Juvenile onset
Women 3x more often than men
Any synovial joint could be affected, often symmetrical involvement
disfiguring
Slide39Rheumatoid Arthritis
Slide40Osteoarthritis
Most common form of arthritis
Chronic degenerative condition: “wear-and-tear”
Affects
articular
cartilage (eventually breaks down)
increased friction bone spurs develop restricts movement
Slide41Osteoarthritis
Slide42