Mechanical Systems and Insulation This is a cable located outside a house It provides electricity service through underground or overhead wires from the road to the structure It typically provides 240 Volts electricity from the street supply ID: 329917
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Slide1
CHAPTER 8
Mechanical Systems and InsulationSlide2
This is a cable located outside a house
It provides electricity service through underground or overhead wires from the road to the structure
It typically provides 240 Volts electricity from the street supplyThe size of the entrance cable controls the amount of electricity that is available
Electrical Service Entrance CableSlide3
Electric service size describes the number of amps that are provided to any structure through a primary wire service
Once the power enters a structure, it travels to a main disconnect with 2 circuit breakers or fuses
One fuse is for the negative black wire while the other is for the positive red wire
Fuses are rated according to the amperage that the wire can carry safely (e.g. 60 amps / 100 amps etc.)
Service size is determined by the thickness of the cables
Electric Service SizeSlide4
Distribution panels are electrical panels that are located between service entrance wires and power distribution in any structure
It acts as an interface and is connected by service wires to the main disconnect
Types of distribution panels:
Knob and tube (old system, prone to fire, results in high insurance premiums)
Circuit breakers (new industry standard, safer and cheaper to insure)
Some properties in downtown Toronto still have knob and tube distribution panels
Distribution PanelSlide5
What type of electricity distribution is more expensive to insure and most prone to fire?
Knob and tube
What is the name of the distribution panel type that replaced knob and tube?Circuit breakers
RECAPSlide6
An electricity main disconnect switch provides people with the option to shut-off-all power in a structure
It is the main power switch for a structure
Switch handles are typically located outside the structure while breakers or main fuses are located inside the main structureHydro authorities frequently seal covers onto the main disconnect so that only they are able to access it
Electricity Main DisconnectSlide7
A grounded outlet is the third ground wire
It does not conduct electricity
It grounds excess electricityIt acts as a safety measureGrounding is a process by which electricity is diverted to the ground
Positive wire = red/white, negative wire = red, ground wire = copper/green
Grounded OutletsSlide8
What color is the ground wire?
The grounded outlet wire is green
What is the function of the grounded outlet?It grounds excess electricity or bypasses electricity to the ground
RECAPSlide9
Heating systems are used to keep structures warm
There are several types of systems:
SteamWarm air
Radiant
Electrical
Hot water
Heating SystemsSlide10
Furnaces are central heating systems that generate heat in one location and distribute it to different parts of the structure
Distribution normally happens through sheet metal ducts
All furnaces except electric furnaces have:Heat Exchanger
Burner
Blower
FurnacesSlide11
Electric furnaces have heating elements/coils
Convection is the movement caused by hot and cold
Cooler gasses are more dense and they sink because of gravityHotter gases are less dense and rise because of gravity This movement results in the transfer of heat
Convectional refers to heat generated by coils or burning gas
It is distributed through structures by a fan
FurnacesSlide12
Types of furnaces
Electrical furnace
Does not rely on actual combustion, which means it does not have a chimney, burner or heat exchanger Instead, it has heating elementsBlower forces air across heating element to warm air, and the air is circulated in the home through ducts
Gas furnace
Four types
Convectional
Mid-efficiency
High-efficiency
High-efficiency pulse
FurnacesSlide13
Gravity Furnace/Octopus Furnace
Function the same way as a convectional furnace but do not have a fan to blow air through the ducts
It uses convection (gravity) to circulate hot airIt has 8 pipes going to 8 different rooms which is why it is called Octopus Furnace
Pipes carry hot air, which rises as cool air sinks to the ground
Cool air returns to furnace through an inlet
These furnaces are obsolete because of their high level of inefficiency
Oil FurnaceSimilar to gas furnace
Oil must be stored on site to operate it
FurnacesSlide14
What is the main difference between a conventional furnace and a gravity furnace?
A gravity furnace does not have a fan
Which furnace type has a radiator?Convectional furnaceWhat kind of furnace is a gas furnace?
Convectional
What is an octopus furnace?
A convectional and gravity furnace
RECAPSlide15
A boiler is a heating system that generates heat in one location and distributes it through pipes to other locations in a structure
They are made up of open and closed systems
Hot water systems do not boil water but heat it to a maximum of 160 degrees FahrenheitBoilers have two primary components:
Heat exchanger which contains natural gas or oil on one side and the water that will be heated on the other
Boiler
BoilerSlide16
Types of boiler systems
Closed-boiler system
Does not have overflow expansion pipe or tankIt is industry standard these daysHas circulating pump that forces water throughout home pipe system
Open-boiler system
Has overflow expansion pipe or tank
Old system that has been discontinued
It requires expansion tank which is typically placed above the highest radiator in a structure
This tank allows for expansion when the water is heated
It does not require a pump since it makes use of gravity
BoilerSlide17
HVAC = “heating, ventilation and air conditioning”
It is a heating/cooling system used in commercial buildings
typically mounted above ceilings It ensures even distribution of fresh air, heating and cooling throughout a structure
HVAC has the following components:
Air handler = series of fans that moves air
Ductwork = ducts transport air through structure
Condensing unit = compresses the Freon gas that is used to cool air; is placed outside the structure
Roof Top HVAC = mounted on roof of structure
HVACSlide18
Chimneys are vertical structures that contain a single or multiple flues that help discharge smoke/gases from a furnace or fire
Chimneys are no longer required and are often removed till they are below roof-level during re-roofing
This means you don’t have to worry about maintaining themIt also reduces risk of water leakage from chimney flashing (see flashing)
ChimneySlide19
A flue is a distinct and separate channel that allows for smoke in the chimney
A cap is a structure above the chimney that prevents water from entering it
Chimney Flue and CapSlide20
Classes of drainage systems
Class 1 – no tank
Waterless toilets with pit; found on construction sitesClass 2 – no tank
Can only be used for non-human waste, called grey-water system
Class 3 – no tank
Uses cesspool, similar to class 2 but used for human waste
Class 4 – has a tankPrivate drainage system that is common in rural areas, called leeching bed system
Class 5 – has a tank
Holding tank, not private drainage system
Emptied by collection company
Drainage SystemsSlide21
Class 4 and 5 are used in rural and recreational areas
Class 4 system includes:
Septic tank – which has bacteria that eats/decomposes wasteLeeching bed – filter with holes surrounded by filter materials such as sand
Drainage SystemsSlide22
Types of leeching beds
Conventional Leeching Bed
Most commonInstalled where land well-drained and bed can work using stone-filled trenches dug below ground levelWater is allowed to leech back into ground water, filtering through various layers of ground
Raised
Second most common
Used where landscape doesn’t allow for self-filtration
Filtering materials are brought onsite and a raised bed is made for stone-filled trenches
Drainage SystemsSlide23
Filter
Used only when space is limited
The entire bed is excavated and filled with special filtering sand that allow for closer pipes within the bedClass 5 Holding Tank
It is the porta-potty system where tank periodically emptied by waste removal services
Drainage SystemsSlide24
Class 4 septic tank system is a private drainage system
Class 4 septic tank system consists of an absorption bed or leeching bed
Class 4 septic tank is a treatment tank
RECAPSlide25
R-2000 is an energy efficiency program pertaining to the construction of new homes
It sets performance standards that are more stringent than those stated in Building Codes
It is the most energy efficient construction designation and includes all things energy efficient, such as solar panel roofs and CSA standard windows
R-2000