A An Urban World B What are Global Cities C The City of the 21 st Century Conditions of Usage For personal and classroom use only Excludes any other forms of communication such as conference presentations published reports and papers ID: 1028795
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1. Topic 6 – Global CitiesA – An Urban WorldB – What are Global Cities?C – The City of the 21st Century
2. Conditions of UsageFor personal and classroom use onlyExcludes any other forms of communication such as conference presentations, published reports and papers.No modification and redistribution permittedCannot be published, in whole or in part, in any form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent.CitationDr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University.
3. A – An Urban WorldUrbanizationWhat is the nature and the causes or urbanization?The Urban ExplosionWhat is the scale of contemporary urbanization?Rural to Urban MigrationsWhy people are moving to urban areas?
4. Urbanization
5. Perspectives about the Urban Spatial Structure: From Dichotomy to ContinuumRuralUrbanRuralVillagesMetropolisTownsUrbanEMRSecondary citiesEMR: Extended Metropolitan Region MP: MegalopolisDichotomyContinuumMPHamletVillageTownRuralUrbanCityMetropolisMegacity1005,00050,000100,0001,000,00010,000,000EMRMegalopolisRead this content
6. UrbanizationCauses of urbanizationHistorical:“Civis”.Defense (fortifications and group protection).Trade routes.Social:Increased social interactions.Institutions representing a society (government, religion & education).Economic:Linked with agricultural surpluses.Increased economic opportunities (the most successful cities tended to be the most open to entrepreneurship).Access to labor.Specialization.Economies of scale and of agglomeration.
7. Historical Urban Location FactorsDefenseCommerceRiver-meander siteRiver-island sitePeninsula site(or offshore island)Sheltered harbor siteBridge-point siteConfluence sitePortage siteRapid or waterfallHead of navigation siteCityFortificationsRoadRead this contentDiscuss the historical factors behind the location of cities.
8. River Meander City: Bouillon (Belgium)River-meander site
9. Isle de la Cite, Paris, 15th CenturyRiver-island site
10. Peninsular site city: Cartagena (Colombia)Peninsula site(or offshore island)
11. Sheltered harbor site: San FranciscoSheltered harbor site
12. Bridge point site city: LondonBridge-point site
13. Confluence site city: PittsburgConfluence site
14. Portage site city: ChicagoPortage site
15. Head of navigation city: Montreal (Canada) Rapid or waterfallHead of navigation site
16. Cities through the AgesEraAntiquityCities as the nexus of civilizations (monuments).Development of urban infrastructure (pavement, aqueducts).Middle AgesHigh density fortified cities.Mostly city-states (seat of the castle of the rulers).Limited specialization (each city relatively self sufficient).Church (cathedral) as the core.Industrial RevolutionCities within nation-states.Industrialization.Migration from rural areas.Regional specialization (city as part of a national market).Transport terminal (rail, port) often the core.Post-IndustrialThe global city.Functional specialization (cities as elements of global value chains).The commercial and financial district often the core.
17. The city of antiquity: Rome
18. The city of the Middle Ages: Avignon
19. The city of the Industrial Revolution: Manchester
20. The post industrial city: Hong Kong
21. The Urban ExplosionCauses of contemporary urban population growthNatural population increase:Births minus deaths.Demographic transition provided momentum.Migration from rural areas:Notably in countries with large rural populations.Immigration (international):Notably in Europe and North America.Concerns gateway cities.Reclassification of urban boundaries:Encompass other cities and towns.Encompass formerly rural areas.
22. Net International Migration by US Cities, 2012-2013
23. Net Domestic Migration by US Cities, 2012-2013
24. The Urban Explosion: Stages of UrbanizationTimeUrban Population020406080100Developed countriesTerminal StageTransition StageInitial StageDevelopingcountriesLeast developedcountriesRural to urban migrationDemographic transitionRuralSocietyUrbanSocietyUrbanization
25. The Urban ExplosionFirst Wave (1750-1950):Began in Europe and North America in the early 18th century.First demographic transition:Importance of natural population increase both in cities and rural areas.First industrialization:Incited the first significant rural to urban migrations.International migration:Important for gateway cities in North America.Produced the new urban industrial societies.Gradual process that involved a few hundred million people:Europe, North America, Australia and Japan; 75% to 80% urban.By the end of the first wave, the beginning of a new process; suburbanization.
26. World’s Largest Cities, 1850Read this contentConventional versus modernizing cities
27. First Wave Urbanization: World’s Largest Cities, 1900
28. The Urban ExplosionSecond Wave (1950-2050):Concern less developed regions of the world.Rapid growth.Demographic impacts much greater.Will account for 93% of the 2 billion increase in the global urban population between 2000 and 2030.Limited recourse to migration.Discuss the two major urbanization waves that took place since the industrial revolution.
29. Second Wave: World Urban Population, 1950-2015 with Projections to 2020 (in billions)Read this content
30. Rural to Urban MigrationsAn enduring momentumCurrent velocity:50 million new urbanites each year.1 million new urbanites each week.About 155,000 new urbanites each day.About 75,000 rural poor migrate to cities each day.Migration:Makes a significant contribution to the growth of urban areas.Accounts for between 40% and 60% of annual urban population growth in the developing world.Huge rural-to-urban migration potential in areas having a large rural population.
31. B – What are Global Cities?Megacities and Urban RegionsWhat forms large-scale urbanization takes?Global CitiesWhat defines a global city?
32. Globalization and UrbanizationMercantile EraIndustrial EraContemporary EraTechnology and ProcessesNew transport technology:long distance ships, sextant, etc.Steam power;Railroad;Steamships;Machine fabricationNew transport and communication technologies;Information-rich production technologiesSupporting PrinciplesCartography (navigation);New means of payment (credit):precious metals, financialInnovations (accounting & banking).Economies of scale;Vertical integration of production;Factory systems; Assembly lineLabor unions;Property rights;Central banking; Currency; Monetary policies;Compulsory education.Economies of scope ;Trade liberalization;Logistical innovations to facilitate flows of goods, services, capital,and information.Spatial StructureDivision of labor brings increasing urbanization;Size of major cities increases.Massive urbanization;Average town size increases;Structural issues (housing,infrastructure, spatial organization);Social issues (unemployment, health, welfare, education).Urban regions competing globally;Relatively fast economic changes causing local dislocations;Rise of large urban regions around major cities connected to the global economy.Read this content
33. Megacities and Urban RegionsConcentrationAn increasing share of the global population lives in megacities:Cities of over one million.Uncommon in the past to have megacities.Difficult to sustain internally and to supply (food, water, energy and wastes).First modern megacity, Beijing 1770.From metropolitan areas to urban regions:Contiguity.Connectiveness.Interaction.Technology and urban formImportant historical role of technology (particularly transportation) shaping the shape and the dynamics of cities.
34. One Hour Commuting According to Different Urban Transportation ModesStreetcar lineFreewayWalkingStreetcarCyclingAutomobileAutomobile with freeways10 kmRead this content
35. Functions of CitiesExplain four major functions that a city can provide.
36. Financial Centers: Singapore CBDHead offices of major corporations.Stock markets.Large financial institutions (banks, insurance).
37. Industrial Centers: Kaohsiung, TaiwanHeavy industries (steel, petrochemicals).Manufacturing and assembly plants.Wide variety of manufacturing functions (heavy manufacturing, light manufacturing, assembly).
38. Transportation Centers: Port of Odessa, UkrainePorts as major gateways.The growing importance of airports.
39. Retail Commercial Centers: Hanoi Shops During Tet Shopping SeasonShopping districts.Provision of goods and services.
40. Government: Palace of Parliament, Bucharest, RomaniaSeat of government.Departments / Ministries.Ambassies.Think-thanks.NGOs.
41. Centers of Culture: Museo De Antioquia, Medellin, ColombiaMuseums.Theaters.Arts and entertainments.
42. Education Centers: University of WarsawAcademic institutions.Research centers.Hospitals.
43. Religious Functions: Great Mosque, Aleppo, Syria (Destroyed)
44. Entertainment: Sports – Reliant Stadium, Houston, Texas
45. Megacities and Urban RegionsCities and global systemsCities are nodes in a network of cities.Flows of capital, trade and people.The position of the city in the network is related to its influence (power).Connectivity as a measure of power.
46. Cities and ConnectivityRead this contentConnectivity nodeEconomic nodeBuilt areaRoad / transit linkRail linkMaritime linkAir linkCBDPort DistrictManufacturingDistrictAirport DistrictPort districts.Heavy industries.Railyards.Manufacturing clusters.Distribution clusters.Central / transit stations.Shopping districts.Airport districts.Heavy IndustriesLogistics ZoneFinancial / management districts.Production and DistributionMobility and AccessibilityTransactions
47. Metropolitan Areas of More than 10 Million Inhabitants, 2010Read this content
48. World’s Largest CitiesRead this content
49. Population Density of the World's Largest Metropolitan Areas, 2012Read this content
50. World’s Largest Urban RegionsRead this content
51. Criteria to be a World City; Many WannabeesBusiness activityThe economic weight of the city; headquarters of major multinational corporations, locations of top business services firms, the value of capital (stock) markets, the number of international conferences, and the flow of goods through ports and airports.Human capitalCapacity to attract and train talent; size of foreign-born population, quality of universities, number of international schools, international student population, and number of residents with university degrees.Information exchangeThe effectiveness of information flows; accessibility to major TV news channels, internet presence, number of international news bureaus, level of censorship and broadband subscriber rate.Cultural influenceThe cultural weight of the city; number of major sporting events, number of museums, performing-arts venues, culinary establishments, number of international travelers and number of sister-city relationships.Political engagementThe level of influence on global politics; number of embassies and consulates, major think tanks, international organizations and local institutions with international reach, and the number of political conferences.
52. World Cities, 2012Read this contentWhat makes a city a world city?
53. C – The City of the 21st CenturyThe City as a Cultural and Technological NexusHow the high technology sector is shaping cities?The Other City: ShantytownsAre shantytowns an economic or demographic failure?Global Cities in the 21st CenturyWhat will shape world city development in the coming years?
54. The City as a Cultural and Technological NexusCultural NexusFoci of human and material resources of civilizations.Cities are where culture is created, filtered and diffused:Source of capital accumulation.Change in scale:Cultures used to be bound to regions or nations.Global communication networks propelled cultural centers.Exchange of ideas; network of global cities.Pool of talents:Artists, architects, philosophers, scientists and writers.Attractiveness of some cities.Patrons, community of artists, universities, clients, and a skilled workforce.Shifts in centers of culture:Linked with the economic and political fate of the nation.E.g. Moscow.
55. The City as a Cultural and Technological NexusGlobal cities are innovation nexusesWealth and capital accumulation linked with innovation capabilities; favors urban growth.Competitive environment requires businesses to innovate.Access to the largest markets (for specialist and mass consumption).Encourage interactions between wide range of financial, managerial, technical, marketing and trade skills and experience.Cluster of innovators, investors, designers and manufacturers.Innovations come in waves:Linked with innovations (e.g. labor, resources).From industrial cities, to manufacturing cities to high technology cities.The fate of several global cities changed (e.g. Detroit).
56. The City as a Cultural and Technological NexusThe technopole model (valuation):High technology service and manufacturing cluster.R&D facilities to carry out research.Vicinity to university institutions. Pool of corporations, entrepreneurs and capital.Available land.Ex: “Silicon Valley”.The off-shoring model (debasement):Technology also debase some process.Some activities have been relocated to low costs areas.Back-office operations (payroll).Call centers.Data processing.Ex: Omaha, NE (taxes advantages) and Bangalore, India.
57. ShantytownsContextSome cities are growing without much capital accumulation.Difficulty to access housing:Economic costs.Availability.100 million people are homeless.928 million live in precarious housing conditions (slums).Shantytowns; informal habitat or squatter housing:Slums (North America and Europe).Favelas (Brazil).Pueblos jovenes (Young towns).Asentamiento irregulares (Irregular settlements).Villas miserias (Miserable villages, Argentina).Jughi Jopri (India).Gecekondu (Turkey).
58. ShantytownsMostly in developing countriesFollowing the demographic explosion.Now the norm more than the exception.Perhaps the most visible sign of widespread poverty.About 25% of the surface of cities in developing countries is covered by shantytowns.30-60% of the urban population.Inability of the formal private and public sectorProvide low price housing for those in needs.The private sector seeks to maximize revenue.The State more concerned about providing housing for its public servants and its middle class.
59. Share of the Urban Population Living in Shantytowns (2001)0-10%10-20%20-30%30-40%40-50%50-60%60-70%70-80%80-90%90-100%No data
60. ShantytownsInformal dwellings and occupation of urban landDwellings are built by the current or original occupant or by the informal sector.Rudimentary construction materials.Did not receive a construction permit.Do not follow norms in terms of housing and sanitation.Located in marginal (sometimes unsafe) sites.Often vague and unclear land ownershipMost inhabitants have no legal title to the land.Lack of documentation.Most are located in areas being declared inhabitable:Owned by the municipality.Abandoned private land.Exploiting a legal vacuum of land ownership.
61. ShantytownsLack of urban servicesGenerally not well serviced by public utilities. Water supply, sanitation, roads, drainage, solid waste management, street lighting, public transportation and sewage.Utilities (electricity) often controlled by local organized crime groups and sold to local occupants.When shantytown is recognized by the city, basic services will be provided:A street level (collective) water supply.Basic garbage pickup from a collection point.Sanitation (toilets / showers) on a pay per use basis.A transient populationMany residents recently moved in the city.An active rental market.
62. ShantytownsVery high densitiesNot in height but in the subdivisions of dwellings.Sites need to be close to employment areas.Limited mobility so proximity a very important factor.Rents per square foot are often as high as developed countries.Incites additional subdivisions and densification.
63. Informal Housing
64. Favelas, Rio de Janeiro
65. ShantytownsHealth risksContaminated water (cholera, typhoid).Inadequate waste disposal (wastewater and garbage).Lack of pest control (insects, rats).Insufficient living spaces, poor ventilation and overcrowding.Children at risk (traffic, unsafe or contaminated street sites).Indoor air pollution (cooking and heating).Inadequate health care.No emergency services.What are shantytowns and the challenges they represent for cities?
66. Global Cities in the 21st CenturyThe “learning city”Local identities (e.g. landmarks) creating a unique urban environment.Regional resources (labor).Global reach (transport and telecommunications).Suitable urban environment, employment, food, housing and transportation:Welfare of the future urban population.Welfare of its surrounding areas.Mitigation:Limited environmental impacts.Conservation of resources such as water, land and energy and the capability of handling change.Should provide a place of opportunity and not be an agent of segregation.
67. Towards Sustainable Cities?
68. Sustainable CitiesFuture global urbanization is likely to be more sustainable. What does the concept of urban sustainability implies?