We have been manipulating DNA for generations Selective breeding Allowing only those animalsplants with desired characteristics to produce the next generation foods vaccines bidegeneration ID: 1047325
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1. Genetic Engineering Biotechnology
2. We have been manipulating DNA for generations!Selective breedingAllowing only those animals/plants with desired characteristics to produce the next generation (foods, vaccines, bidegeneration, antibiotics, vitamins)
3. Animal Breeding
4. Breeding Food Plants“Descendants” of the wild mustardthe “Cabbage family”
5. Corn from tiosinte plants
6. Using mutations to increase genetic diversitySelective breeding/artificial breeding would not be possible if it were not for the large amounts of diversityBiologists/geneticists can increase this diversity by causing mutations in a DNA sequenceEx: using this technique scientists have developed several different kinds of helpful bacteriaBacteria that can digest oil and were once used to clean up oil spills
7. How Can We Do This?We manipulate the DNA!Genetic engineering-making changes in the DNA code of a living organism
8. Can an animal gene be put into a plant or vice versa?YESSSS!!!!Steven Howell and his associates isolated the gene that allows fireflies to glow (luciferase), and inserted it into tobacco cells. When these cells were grown into a plant, the entire plant glew in the dark.
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10. Transgenic OrganismsBacteriaUsed most often because of how quickly they reproduceGenes are spliced in the bacterial DNA; bacteria produce proteins that are coded for in gene; cheap and in great abundanceEx: InsulinPeople with insulin-dependent diabetes are now treated with pure human insulin produced by human genes that were inserted into bacteria
11. Gene splicing
12. Transgenic AnimalsGenes from humans have been inserted into mice to improve their immune systems so that we can use them to test the effects of diseases on the human immune systemGrowth hormone is added to have animals grow faster, produce leaner meatBlood clotting factor mass produced in pigs
13. Mice from the same litter
14. Transgenic plantsIn 2000, 52 percent of soy bean and 25 percent of corn grown in the U.S. was transgenic or genetically modifiedGMO (Genetically modified organisms)Contain genes that produce natural insecticides so that they don’t have to sprayedSome contain genes that prevent them from being killed by weed killersSome strawberries and other fruits contain anti-freezing agent found in arctic flounder
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16. What’s next?Plants may soon be used to produce human antibodies that can be used to fight diseaseFoods that may be resistant from rotChicken that is immune to the bacteria that cause food poisoningExists already-rice containing Vitamin A which our body produces, increases health of millions around the world
17. What about humans?Is it ethical to genetically modify humans?Should we be able to alter a human’s DNA?Should there be boundaries drawn?
18. What already exists?The Human Genome ProjectContains over 6 billion basepairsThat is 6,000,000,000 A,T, G, and C’sE.Coli (a bacteria) contains 4,639,221 bpsIn 2000 a working copy of the human genome was essentially completeAllows us to look at the human DNA sequence and determine where specific genes are located
19. Genetic TestingGenetic testing is now used for:Carrier screening, or the identification of unaffected individuals who carry one copy of a gene for a disease that requires two copies for the disease to manifest;Confirmational diagnosis of symptomatic individuals;Determining sex;Forensic/identity testing;Newborn screening;Prenatal diagnostic screening;Presymptomatic testing for estimating the risk of developing adult-onset cancers;Presymptomatic testing for predicting adult-onset disorders.Some genetic tests are already available, although most of them are used in developed countries. The tests currently available can detect mutations associated with rare genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington’s disease.
20. Gene TherapyBecause of the Human Genome Project, we may soon be able toCure genetic disorders by gene therapyAn absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal, working geneThis way, the body can make the correct protein or enzyme it needs, which eliminates the disorder.
21. CloningDolly the sheep was cloned in 1997.
22. Clone-member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cellResearchers hope that cloning will enable them to make copies of transgenic animals and even help save endangered species.-Many suffer from genetic defects and health problems.
23. Cloning in FruitsGrafting-tissues of one plant are inserted into those of another in order to get desired characteristicsExample: ApplesSome apples cannot be grown from seeds. So they use grafting as a way to clone those apple types
24. How’s cloning work?Cloned cows, pigs, sheep, dogs, and mice have been produced.
25. Stem CellsCells that have the ability to form any type of cell, which could therefore, be used to grow any type of cell that is needed.
26. What do you think?Is the use of stem cells ok?How should they be limited, if used at all?What are the potential benefits and dangers?
27. BiotechnologyWhat can be done with DNA?Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)Testing for Specific AllelesDNA Fingerprinting
28. Things to think about?Who controls your DNA?Use by the U.S. Department of Defense?Employers using it to discriminate against people carrying certain genes?Do Genetically Modified foods need stricter controls?Pg 330
29. How do forensic scientists figure out who committed a crime from a single drop of blood or a single hair?Polymerase Chain ReactionsMakes mass copies of a specific geneDNA is heated to different temperatures in order to break strands apart, primers are added, and DNA polymerase is added to make copiesDNA polymerase came from bacteria in the hot springs in Yellowstone National Park
30. PCR
31. DNA FingerprintingHelps identify individualsDoes not focus on cell’s most important genes because they are all so similar in every humanInstead focuses on sections of DNA that have little or no known function but vary widely from person to person
32. Restriction enzymes-enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides1) DNA is collected and run through PCR to increase sample of DNA2) Restriction enzymes are added that locate specific sequences in the human DNA and cut DNA into fragments of various lengths
33. 3) These different size samples are loaded into an agarose gel where they bands are separated using an electrical current.4) A buffer is placed in the electrophoresis chamber before the DNA is run to provide a stable pH and help conduct the electrical current.Agarose gel-a pourous gel used to separate different strands of DNA
34. DNA has a negative charge!!!
35. When the DNA is placed in the gel and the gel in run, which direction will the DNA travel?The smaller bands of DNA will travel the farthest down the gel, because they can easily travel through the agarose.The gel is stained and the DNA fragments are compared.