Patterns of Change Health and Medicine - PowerPoint Presentation

1. Patterns of ChangeHealth and Medicine

2. Patterns of ChangeHealth and MedicineHealth and Medicine in Ancient RomeHealth and Medicine in Medieval TimesHealth and Medicine in the RenaissanceHealth and Medicine in 19th Century Industrial SocietyHealth and Medicine in Modern Times

3. Health and Medicine in Ancient RomeWho was Galen?What were the four humours?

4. Health and Medicine in Ancient RomeRoman CuresSicknessCureSore eyesBoiled liverEpilepsyDrink the blood of a slain gladiatorDysentery (diarrhoea)Egg yolk mixed with poppy juice and wineSkin infectionsBroccoliSwelling, bruisesApply unwashed woolAcneApply dried slab of crocodile meatWartsBurnt cow dungFatigueTarragon, a herbHow did Romans cure diseases?

5. Health and Medicine in Medieval TimesGalen4 humours

6. Cures and RemediesHerbal remediesBloodlettingPilgrimagesPrayerSuperstitionOf England to Canterbury they travel, To seek the holy blessed martyr, Who helped them when they were sick. (Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales) ‘As the fever approaches, let her say an ‘Our Father’ and a ‘Hail Mary’, and then eat a leaf, and so on for each one of the three leaves (picked before sunrise). When she is done eating them, she will be rid of the fever. But she must have faith, for if she has not, they will be of no help.’

7. Public HealthDirty streetsCrowded cities

8. What Happened During the Black Death?

9. The Black Death

10. What did People Think Caused the Black Death?Source 2For many the disease was caused by the vapours (fumes) coming from lakes and bogs … The wrath (anger) of God at the sins of Mankind often provided the main force, followed by the influence of the coming together of the planets, especially Mars and Saturn. Some said the corrupt air was released from below the surface by earthquakes, along with snakes and frogs. (Adapted from a modern history book)Source 4Deaths and BurialsThe data is sufficiently widespread and numerous to make it likely that the Black Death swept away around 60 per cent of Europe’s population. It is generally assumed that the size of Europe’s population at the time was around 80 million. This implies that around 50 million people died in the Black Death. (Ole J Benedictow, The Black Death: The Greatest Catastrophe Ever, History Today, Volume 55 Issue 3 March 2005)FlagellantsPlague DoctorSee Skills Book p. 42

11. What did People Think Caused the Black Death?Source 3Blaming the JewsIn the matter of this plague the Jews throughout the world were reviled (hated) and accused in all lands of having caused it through the poison which they are said to have put into the water and the wells – that is what they were accused of – and for this reason the Jews were burnt all the way from the Mediterranean into Germany, but not in Avignon, for the pope protected them there. Nevertheless they tortured a number of Jews in Berne and Zofingen [Switzerland] who then admitted that they had put poison into many wells, and they also found the poison in the wells. Thereupon they burnt the Jews in many towns and wrote of this affair to Strasbourg, Freiburg, and Basel in order that they too should burn their Jews … On Saturday – that was St Valentine’s Day – they burnt the Jews on a wooden platform in their cemetery. There were about two thousand people of them. (The Cremation of Strasbourg Jewry St Valentine’s Day, 14 February 1349 – About The Great Plague And The Burning Of The Jews, www.sourcebooks.fordham.edu)

12. The Consequences of the Black Death

13. Health and Medicine in the Renaissance

14. Why was the Work of Vesalius Significant?See Skills Book p. 50

15. Why was the Work of William Harvey Significant?Source 5 It has been shown by reason and experiment that blood by the beat of the ventricles (heart chambers) flows through the lungs and heart and is pumped to the whole body. There it passes through pores in the flesh into the veins through which it returns from the periphery (edge) everywhere to the centre … It must be concluded that the blood in the animal body moves around in a circle continuously and that the action or function of the heart is to accomplish this by pumping. This is the only reason for the motion and beat of the heart.(William Harvey, On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals)

16. Health and Medicine in 19th Century Industrial SocietyDevelopments – disease and its originsLouis Pasteur – germs cause diseaseRobert Koch – which bacteria cause disease?Discovery of virusesLouis Pasteur

17. Cures and RemediesCuresInoculation to prevent disease Jenner – smallpox vaccinationPasteur – rabies inoculationReliance still on medicine sold in bottlesCures and remediesBetter diagnosisBetter microscopesStethoscopeX-rays

18. SurgeryIn early 19th century – surgery was brutally painful, leading to a high death rate.DevelopmentsAnaesthestics – laughing gas and etherJames Simpson used chloroformCleanliness – antiseptics Joseph Lister used carbolic spray to protect against infectionSterile operating theatreSpecialist clothing and face masksGreatly reduced death rate due to surgical operationsAdministration of chloroformQueen Victoria gave birth to her eighth child with the help of chloroform

19. HospitalsNot safe in the early 19th centuryDevelopmentsNew hospitalsBetter managed – cleaner Florence Nightingale – Notes on Nursing Better training for nursesNotes on Hospitals – better management of hospitalsSophia Jex-Blake founded London School of Medicine for Women

20. Public HealthBad living conditionsCholera outbreaksTyphus deathsAverage ages of death during the Industrial RevolutionManchesterRutland (country area)Labourers1733Middle Class3850Cholera deaths in Britain1831–3250,000184860,000185420,000See Skills Book p. 106

21. What effects did these living conditions have on public health?

22. Improvements to Public HealthEdwin Chadwick – Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring PopulationPublic Health Act 1848See Skills Book p. 106

23. Improvements in Public HealthImproved living conditionsWhat improvements are shown in these illustrations?

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25. Health and Medicine in Modern Times

26. More KnowledgeScientists and doctors discover more about the workings of the human body.Cures and Remedies

27. More Cures and RemediesLouise Brown

28. More Cures and Remedies

29. AIDS

30. Surgery

31. Public HealthBeveridge ReportWelfare State – ‘from the cradle to the grave’NHSSlum clearancesNew Towns Act 1946Tower blocksClean Air Acts, 1956 and 1968