Chapter - PowerPoint Presentation

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Chapter 18 Anatomy of blood vessels

Joe Pistack MS/EDSlide2

Circulatory system

Circulatory System consists of the heart and blood vessels.

The blood vessels are a series of connected, hollow tubes that begin and end in the heart.

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Pulmonary circulation

Carries blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart.

Pulmonary circulation transports unoxygenated blood to the lungs, where oxygen is loaded and carbon dioxide is unloaded.Slide4

Systemic circulation

The larger circulation.

Blood vessels are arteries, capillaries, and veins.

Provides the blood supply to the rest of the body.

Carries oxygen and other nutrients to the cells and picks up carbon dioxide and other waste.Slide5

Blood vessels

Highway of the body.

Classified as:

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

Blood vessels are composed of three layers except for capillaries.Slide6

Arteries

Called conductance vessels, carry blood away from the heart.

Thick wall with three layers

:

1 -

Tunica

intima

-innermost layer, continuous with the

endocardium, blood flows easily here.Slide7

Arteries

2 - Tunica

media-middle layer, thickest layer, composed of elastic tissue and smooth muscle. Made up of elastic tissue and smooth muscle, capable of stretching in response to the pumping of blood by the heart.Slide8

Arteries

3 -Tunica

adventitia-the outer layer, composed of tough connective tissue, function is to support and protect.

Arterioles-the smallest artery, numerous and branch out.Slide9

Capillaries

Smallest and most numerous of all blood vessels.

Close to every cell, numerous, provide the cells with oxygen and nutrients.Slide10

Arterioles

Smallest of the arteries.

Composed of smooth muscle that contract and relax.

Called resistance

vessels -

able to change

their size which alters the pressure in the

blood to less resistance when dilated and more resistance when constricted.Slide11

Capillaries

Have the thinnest walls of all blood vessels.

Single layer epithelium on a delicate basement membrane.

Called exchange

vessels -

allow

the

exchange of

nutrients, gases

and waste.Slide12

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.

Smallest veins are called venules.

The largest veins empty the blood into the right atrium of the heart.Slide13

Venules

Converge from capillaries.

Wall of

venule

is slightly thicker than capillary wall.

Pressure in veins is less than pressure in the arteries.Slide14

Veins

Most veins contain one-way valves which direct the flow of blood toward the heart.

Called capacitance vessels, store about 70% of our blood volume.

When stored blood is needed, the veins constrict and move blood to the heart for circulation.Slide15

Major arteries of systemic circulation

Aorta

Largest of all arteries.

Average diameter of a garden hose.

Originates in the left ventricle of the heart, curves in an

archlike

fashion and descends through the thorax.Slide16

aorta

The aorta ends in the pelvic cavity where it splits into two common iliac arteries.

The aorta is divided into segments, each named according to two systems.Slide17

Aorta

System I, path that the aorta follows as it courses through the body.

Ascending aorta

Arch of the aorta

Descending aortaSlide18

aorta

System II, path named according to location within the body cavities.

1. thoracic aorta

2. abdominal aortaSlide19

aorta

Arteries arise directly from the aorta or from vessels that are branches of the aorta.

The ascending aorta arises from the left ventricle, begins at the aortic

semilunar

valve and extends to the aortic arch.Slide20

Aorta

Right and left coronary arteries branch from the ascending aorta.

Coronary arteries are distributed throughout the heart and supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium.Slide21

Branches of the Aortic Arch

The aortic arch extends from the ascending aorta to the beginning of the descending aorta.

Three large arteries arise from the aortic arch

:

1.

brachiocephalic

artery-supplies blood to the right side of the head, neck, right shoulder, and right upper extremity.Slide22

Branches of the descending aorta

(Thoracic aorta)

Upper portion of the descending aorta. It extends from the aortic arch to the diaphragm.

Intercostal

arteries

arise from the aorta and supply the

intercostal

muscles between the ribs.Slide23

Branches of the aortic arch

2.

Left common carotid artery-

extends upward from the highest point of the aortic arch and supplies the left side of the head and neck.

3.

Left & right

subclavian

arteries

supply blood to the shoulders and upper arms.Slide24

Branches of the descending aorta

(Abdominal aorta)

Extends from the thoracic aorta to the lower abdomen.

Branches include:

1.

celiac

trunk-short artery that divides into the gastric artery, splenic artery, and hepatic artery.Slide25

Branches of the descending aorta

2. Two mesenteric arteries are the

:

1. superior

mesenteric artery-supplies most of the small intestine and part of the large intestine.

2

. inferior mesenteric

artery - supplies

the rest of the large intestine.Slide26

Branches of the descending aorta

3. Renal

arteries-supply blood to the right and left kidneys.

4. The

common iliac arteries-supply the pelvic organs, thigh, and lower extremities.

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Veins of the systemic circulation

Superficial veins-located superficially and can be seen.

Deep veins-located more deeply and usually run parallel to the arteries.

The names of the deep veins are the same name as the companion artery, with few exceptions.

Ex. Femoral artery is accompanied by the femoral vein.Slide28

Venae Cavae

Veins carry blood from all parts of the body to the

venae

cava for delivery to the heart.

The

venae

cava is the main vein.

Divided into the superior vena cava (SVC) and the inferior vena cava.Slide29

Superior venae cava

Veins draining blood from the head, the shoulders, and the upper extremities empty into the SVC.

Veins may drain directly or indirectly.Slide30

Superior Vena Cava

Veins that empty into the SVC:

The cephalic vein

The

basilic

veinSubclavian veinsExternal jugular veins

Internal jugular veins

Brachiocephalic

veinsAzygos veinSlide31

Inferior vena cava

IVC returns blood to the heart from all regions of the body.

Veins that empty into the IVC:

Tibial

veins

Peroneal veinsFemoral veins

Great

saphenous

veinsRenal veinsHepatic veinsSlide32

Varicose Veins

Veins that are distended and twisted, usually involving the superficial veins of the legs.Slide33

Varicose veins

Caused by a structural

defect

in the vessel wall.

Dilation of the vessel can lead to incompetent venous valves.

Blood will backflow and pool inside the vein.Slide34

Blood supply to the head and brain

Brain requires a continuous supply of oxygen.

Rich supply of blood is supplied by two pair of arteries, the carotid arteries and the

vertebral arteries.Slide35

Arteries of the head and neck

Right common artery-arises from the

brachiocephalic

artery

.

Left common artery arises directly from the aortic arch.

Common artery splits into the external and internal carotid arteries.Slide36

Arteries of the head and neck

External carotid arteries supply the superficial areas of the neck, face, and scalp.

Internal carotid arteries extend to the front part of the base of the brain.

Inside the cranium, each internal carotid artery divides to supply numerous parts of the brain.Slide37

Arteries of the head and neck

Vertebral arteries-pass upward from the

subclavian

arteries toward the brain and the back of the neck.

The basilar artery is an extension of the vertebral artery, numerous branches supply the brain, brain stem, and cerebellum.Slide38

Circle of willis

Circular arrangement of arteries that penetrate the brain and maintain the rich blood supply.

If the carotid arteries become blocked, the arteries cannot supply sufficient blood to the brain resulting in impaired brain function as observed in dizziness and impaired cognitive thinking.Slide39

Venous drainage of the head and brain

External and internal jugular veins are the two major veins that drain blood from the head and neck.

The external jugular veins are more superficial and drain blood from the posterior head and neck region.

The internal jugular veins drain the anterior head, face, and neck.Slide40

Blood supply to the liver and hepatic portal circulation

Three groups of blood vessels are associated with hepatic circulation

:

1. The portal vein

2. The hepatic veins

3. The hepatic arterySlide41

Hepatic Portal circulation

Portal vein is a large vein that carries blood from the organs of digestion to the liver.

Formed by the union of two large veins

:

1

.

Superior

mesenteric vein

2.

Splenic

veinSlide42

Hepatic portal circulation

Purpose:

Carry blood rich in digestive end products from organs of digestion to the liver.

Liver needs easy access to the digestive and end products to aid in metabolism.Slide43

Hepatic Portal Circulation

Liver prevents nitrogen from entering the general circulation as ammonia.

Nitrogen is excreted by the liver into the blood in the form of urea.

Urea is less toxic than ammonia and is excreted by the kidneys.Slide44

The liver

Largest organ in the body.

Essential for keeping the body functioning properly.

Functions:

1. Removes poisons from the blood.

2. Produces immune agents to control infection.

3. Removes germs and bacteria in the blood.

4. Makes proteins that regulate blood clotting.

5. Produces bile to help absorb fats and

fat- soluble

vitamins.

Cannot live without a functioning liver.

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Cirrhosis of the liver

Scar tissue replaces normal, healthy tissue.

Scar tissue blocks the normal flow of blood through the liver.

Liver is unable to function properly.Slide46

Splanchnic Circulation

Blood flow to the stomach, spleen, pancreas, intestines and liver.

Blood flow is very adjustable.

Blood flow may increase up to eight times following a meal.

When digestion is complete, the blood can be diverted to other organs.Slide47

Swimming after Eating

Should not go for a vigorous swim after eating.

Your

splanchnic

blood vessels are using the blood to digest the food that your swimming skeletal muscles need.Slide48

Pulse

Pulse-

the pressure wave that is created by the expansion and recoiling of the arteries with each heart beat.

Rhythmic contraction of the ventricles of the heart.

Most common site is the wrist.

Normal heart rate is about 72 beats per minute.Slide49

Pulse

Pulse Points:

Temporal

Facial

Carotid

BrachialRadialFemoral

Popliteal

Posterior

tibialDorsalis

pedis