Oyeyemi Adeyemi Federal University of Petroleum Resources PMB 1221 Effurun Delta State Nigeria ABSTRACT Water hyacinth Eichhonia crassipes is one of the aquatic weeds It ID: 544519
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Slide1
Extraction of Edible Leaf Protein Concentrate from Water Hyacinth
Oyeyemi
Adeyemi
Federal University of Petroleum Resources, PMB 1221,
Effurun
. Delta State, Nigeria
.Slide2
ABSTRACT
Water hyacinth (
Eichhonia
crassipes
) is one of the aquatic weeds.
It
infests rivers, dams, lakes and irrigation channels on every continent except Antarctica.
The
coverage of water ways by water hyacinth devastates aquatic environment and costs billions of dollars every year as control costs and economic losses. Slide3
ABSTRACT
In these days of diminishing natural resources, it has become necessary to investigate the existing resources in water hyacinth for production of food, food additives, pharmaceuticals and raw materials for agro-allied industries.
The
aim of this study was to convert water hyacinth from an environmental nuisance to a natural resource that is in high demand.
Edible
form of water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate (WHLPC) was extracted. Slide4
ABSTRACT
The physicochemical characteristics, total alkaloids and
phenolic
compounds of the WHLPC were determined.
Proximate
composition and amino acid profile of the WHLPC were analyzed and the LD
50
evaluated.
The
WHLPC was used to formulate feed using different concentrations (7.73, 15.46, 23.19, and 30.92) %w/w.
A
control feed was formulated with soybean (15.46%w/w) in place of WHLPC. Slide5
ABSTRACT
The resulting feeds were fed to different groups of rats over a period of twenty (20) weeks and the growth was monitored.
Growth
response curve of rats placed on formulated feed showed positive slope.
At
the end of the experiment, rats in various groups gained weight, gain in body weight measured in Control rats (55.35 g), WHLPC1 rats (57.75 g) were not significantly different (p>0.05).
Data
revealed that WHLPC is a potential raw material for food and beverages industry.Slide6
Study Area
. The study area (River
Ijana
) is located within longitude 5.54
0
E and 5.7
0
W and latitude 5.31
0
N and 5.6
0
S as shown in Figure
1.Slide7
Figure 1: Map of Warri Showing the Sample Collection Area (River
Ijana
)Slide8
Extraction of WHLPC
The method described by
Wenbiao
and
Yanling
(2010) was modified and used.
The
water hyacinth leaves collected from
Ijana
River were thoroughly washed in water, and blanched for 5mins with 5% acetic acid, in a heating mantle.
The
leaves were then rinsed in de-ionized water and allowed to dry at room temperature. Slide9
Extraction of WHLPC
Furthermore, the leaves were soaked in 95% ethanol for 6hrs to remove the fat and then dried in an incubator at 45°C to obtain the water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate (WHLPC).
The now formed water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate (WHLPC) was ground in a Teflon base grinder and stored in an air tight container, for further
analysis.Slide10
Other methods
Heavy metal analysis of WHLPC was done with an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), using the American Public Health association (APHA, 1995) guidelines.
Concentration total alkaloids of WHLPC was determined by the method described by
Harbone
(1973).
The proximate analysis of water hyacinth leaves was carried out according to the method described by AOAC (2005). Slide11
Group
Corn starch
Protein sources
Soy oil
Fish meal
Vitamins + Minerals
Control
60
15.46*
8
15.22
1.32
WHLPC1
60
7.73
8
22.71
1.32
WHLPC2
60
15.46815.221.32WHLPC26023.1987.49 1.32WHLPC36030.9280.001.32
Table 1: Ingredient composition (%) of the experimental diets
WHLPC – Water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate
*Soy proteinSlide12
Metal
Concentration (mg/kg)
*Upper limit (mg/kg)
Cd
0.02±0.001
0.05
Cr
0.13±0.001
1.0
Pb
0.001±0.00
0.1
Pt
0.001±0.00
0.1
Pd
0.003±0.001
0.1
Sn
0.001±0.00
0.1Hg0.02±0.0010.05Table 2: Heavy metal composition of Water hyacinth leaf protein concentrateSlide13
Fe
0.001±0.00
5.0
Mn
0.001±0.00
0.05
Cu
0.001±0.00
0.5
Zn
0.001±0.00
24.0
Ni
0.001±0.00
0.5
Co
0.001±0.00
1.0
*Source: WHO (1989)Slide14
Nutrient
Concentration (%)
Protein
56.38±2.15
Fat
4.11±0.55
Ash
4.88±0.24
Fibre
1.02±0.05
Carbohydrate
33.61±1.55
Table 3: Proximate composition of Water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate
Each value represents mean ± SEM of five determinations.Slide15
Amino Acid
Concentration (g/100g)
FAO STANDARD (g/100g)
Alanine
3.20±0.15
NA
Arginine
3.80±0.23
NA
Aspartic acid
4.96±0.25
NA
Cysteine
0.72±0.01
NA
Glutamic acid
6.04±0.52
NA
Glycine
3.00±0.12
NAHistidine1.10±0.09NAIsoleucine2.29±0.324.2Table 3.3: Amino Acid composition of Water hyacinth leaf protein concentrateSlide16
Leucine
5.01±0.35
4.8
Lysine
3.72±0.48
4.2
Methionine
1.34±0.08
2.2
Phenylalanine
3.67±0.22
2.8
Proline
2.72±0.11
NA
Serine
2.52±0.15
NA
Threonine
2.60±0.17
2.8Tyrosine2.20±0.132.8Valine2.81±0.114.2Each value represents mean ± SEM of five determinations.NA: Not Available Slide17
Phytochemical
Concentration (mg/kg)
Total alkaloid
16.6
±
0.2
Phenolic compounds
6.0
±
0.1
Each value represents mean ± SEM of five determinations.
Table 4: Total Alkaloids and
phenolic
content of Water hyacinth
leaf protein concentrateSlide18
Rat ID
Dose (g/kg.bw)
Short-term result (48 h)
Long-term result (12 days)
A
3.25
Survival
survival
B
8.37
Survival
survival
C
17.51
Survival
survival
D
21.50
Survival
survival
Table 5: Results of LD50 test of Water hyacinth leaf protein concentrateSlide19
Figure
2.
presents the growth response of rats placed on feed formulated with water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate (WHLPC) over a period of twenty weeks. Slide20
CONCLUSION
Experimental evidence from the present study revealed that;
Water hyacinth is a good source of leaf protein concentrate
The water hyacinth leaf protein concentrate (WHLPC) is nutritious as evidenced by proximate compositionSlide21
CONCLUSION
WHLPC contains alkaloids and
phenolic
compounds at physiologic amounts
WHLPC is not acutely toxic as revealed by the studies on LD
50
WHLPC supports normal growth in rats and compared favourably with soybeanSlide22
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