10 feet tall Drugs toxicology Drug a natural or synthetic substance that is used to produce physiological or psychological effects in humans or other animals Drug abuse is epidemic in proportions ID: 737366
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Slide1
Go ask Alice
When she is
10 feet tall!
Drugs (toxicology)Slide2
Drug
- a natural or synthetic substance that is used to produce physiological or psychological effects in humans or other animals
Drug abuse is epidemic in proportionsAccounts for >75% of evidence currently being evaluated in crime labs
Drugs and AbuseSlide3
Psychological dependence
(need it mentally): “the conditional use of drug caused by underlying emotional needs”Intensity of dependence depends on drug usedHigh dependence: alcohol, heroin, amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine
Lower dependence: marijuana, codeinePhysical dependence (need it physically): “physiological need for a drug that has been brought about by its regular use. - Characterized by withdrawal sickness when administration of the drug is abruptly stopped.”
Drug DependenceSlide4
Narcotics
- relief from pain and causes sleep (now generally means a socially unacceptable drug)
Hallucinogens - alter normal thoughts, perceptions and moods
Depressants - depress functions of central nervous system, cause calm and bring about sleepinessStimulants - increase alertness and activity
Steroids
- promote muscle growth
Inhalants
-
breathable substances that produce mind-altering results and effects
Classes of DrugsSlide5
Provides relief from pain and produces sleep
Repeated, prolonged use will result in physiological dependence
Source: opium from poppy plant podMorphine content ranging from 14%-21%Heroin – morphine derivative
Narcotics
(Analgesics or Opiates)Slide6
Narcotics
Analgesic
- relieve pain by
depressing central nervous
system
(opium, morphine
, heroin,
codeine, opiates).
Cocaine (stimulant), Marijuana (hallucinogen), etc are
NOT
classified as narcotics even though they are frequently called that.
Most narcotics are opium derived.
Opium from Poppy plants (sap is
4- 21% opium).
Opium PoppySlide7
Opiates
Synthetically prepared
Similar effects as opium derivatives
OxycontinMethadone – taken with heroin or morphine, highsSlide8
The looks of opiatesSlide9
Heroin
Water Soluble: easy IV use
Rapid onset but short term (2-3 hrs) effectsField test uses reagent called marquis: purple color indicates positive test Chemical derivative of morphineUsually street drug 20-30% pure
Morphine
Heroin
Acetic anhydrideSlide10
Heroin Forms
Black Tar Heroin
Heroin Packages
Heroin PowderSlide11
Hallucinogens
Drugs that cause marked changes in normal thought processes, perceptions and moods
(ex Marijuana, PCP, LSD, mescaline, MDMA, ecstasy).Slide12
Prior to 1970,
classified
as a narcotic drugMind altering
Hashish is the concentrated preparation
Active ingredient is
tetrahydrocannabinol
(THC)
Can tentatively be identified by the
Duquenois
-Levine color test
NOT
synthesized
from
Canniabis sativa Marijuana slang terms vary from one part of the country to another
Older terms: pot, herb, grass, weed, Mary Jane, and reefer
Newer terms
: Aunt Mary, skunk, boom, gangster,
kif
, or ganjaSlide13
THC is readily absorbed by fatty tissues in various organs
Generally, traces of THC can be detected by standard urine testing methods several days after a smoking session
In heavy, chronic users, traces can sometimes be detected for weeks after they have stopped using marijuanaHow long does Marijuana stay in the body?Slide14
Other Hallucinogens
Phencyclidine (PCP)
Some common street
Names: Angel Dust, Wack
, Embalming
Fluid
Mescaline (
Mesc
)
Psilocybin
Some common street Names
:
Shrooms
, Magic Mushrooms LSD
Some common street Names
:
Acid
,
Yellow
Sunshines
,
Trips
EcstacySlide15
LSD
From lysergic acid, derived from ergot fungus that attacks certain grasses and grains
Very potent; little needed to cause vivid visuals hallucinations that can last for 12 hours
Produces marked changes in mood – anxiety and tensionSlide16
Easily synthesized
Mixed with LSD or amphetamines and sold as “angel dust”
Effects:Feelings of strength, vulnerability and a dreamy sense of detachment
Unresponsive, confused & agitatedIrritability, isolation, hallucinations and paranoia
PCPSlide17
Depressants
alcohol,
barbituates
, tranquilizers
Create a relaxed feeling of well-being, produces sleep
Usually
taken
orally
Depresses central
nervous
system
Major
problems:
chemical
exposure causes permanent liver, kidney, heart and brain damageSlide18
Alcohol (ethanol)
Continued use may lead to physical dependency
No. 1 Abused drug in U.S. with more related deaths per year than any other
The degree to which the CNS function is impaired is directly proportional to the concentration of alcohol in the blood“Hangover” Causes: effects of ethanol:
alcohol upsets your body's water balance. Causes “dry mouth” and thirst.
When alcohol is metabolized, it causes your blood to become more acidic than normal (this is called acidosis). Causes nausea and sweating.
Alcohol alters the normal daily rhythm of certain body functions (lose about 6 hours).
Nothing you can do will speed the process of alcohol elimination ...not exercising, vomiting, nor drinking 30 glasses of espresso Slide19
“Downers”
Derivatives of barbituric
acid (not natural)Impaired motor control, dizziness, and slower breathing and heart rateBarbiturates are medications used for treating headaches, insomnia
, andseizures.
Barbituates
Slang terms:
Usually stem from color of capsule or tablet:
Yellow jackets
Blue devils
RedsSlide20
Tranquilizers
Considered depressants, but do not impair higher level thinking skills
Used to reduce anxiety in patientsMild tranquilizers are prescribed to deal with everyday tensionsSlide21
Increase
alertness and activity “uppers” or “speed”
Synthetic drugs that stimulate the CNSCan be taken by injection, ingestion or inhalationOnce a stimulant wears off, severe depression usually sets in, requiring more stimulant (speed binge)
CocaineAmphetaminesMethamhetamine
StimulantsSlide22
Amphetamines are not the exact same drug as methamphetamine. They have similar effects but amphetamines can be prescribed by a medical doctor.
Highly addictive
Used to treat narcolepsy and attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity ADHD (ex. Adderall)Full-time college students are twice as likely to abuse
Adderall than their peers who aren’t in college
Nearly 90% of college students who abuse
Adderall
also report binge drinking, and over 50% were regular heavy alcohol users
AmphetamineSlide23
Primary route: injection
Looking for more intense experience
Prolonged speed binges result in sleeping for a couple of days followed by severe depression following the highSmokeable form known as “ice” Produces effects similar to crack cocaine, but last longer
Chronic users exhibit violent destructive behavior and acute psychosis like paranoid schizophreniaRepeated use results in psychological dependency
MethamphetamineSlide24Slide25
Cocaine
Derived from leaves of
erythroxylon coca plantt
Originally used as a local painkiller or anestheticPowerful stimulate of the CNSSniffed or snorted and absorbed into body through mucus membranes of the nose
Chronic use/ high doses have toxic effects
Cause: Cardiac
arrests
Seizures
Respiratory arrests
Experiments have shown cocaine causes the strongest psychological dependencySlide26
Cocaine processed with baking powder (sodium bicarbonate) is "crack", a
smokable
version of cocaine with a shorter but more intense hit
It's called 'crack' after the sound it makes when you light it. It can quickly induce a psychological dependency.
CrackSlide27
In the 1990s, inhalants were the 2
nd
most commonly-used illicit drug among 12- 17 year olds (Brouette & Anton, 2001)
3 groups of Inhalants:SolventsAnestheticsNitrites
Inhaled, either directly or by pouring/spraying into a bag or onto a cloth
Results in temporary loss of motor control and a "dissociative" psychological effect, where sensations and perceptions become disconnected
Myelin around nerve cells is broken down and ultimately nerve cells can not transmit messages to one another
.
Inhalants
Can cause
Sudden Sniffing Death SyndromeSlide28
Club Drugs/Date Rape DrugsSlide29
Club Drugs
Synthetic drugs used at nightclubs, bars and raves
Tablets easily hidden in Pez dispensersInclude:
MDMA (Ecstacy)GHB (gamma hyroxybutyrate)Rohypnol (
Roofies
)
KetamineSlide30
“Club” Drugs
Flunitrazepam
(Rohypnol)
GHB
Ketamine
MDMA (Ecstacy)Slide31
Ecstacy
(Molly)
(hallucinogen/stimulant)
Most popular drug at club scenesCauses psychological difficulties, including confusion, depression, sleep problems, drug craving, severe anxiety
Decreases inhibitions
MDMA
(3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine)
Ecstasy comes in a tablet that is often branded, some are shown below:
Proponents claim risks associated with Ecstasy can be minimized by drinking lots of water.Slide32
GHB
(depressant) Effects: Dizziness, sedation, headache, nausea
Recreational users feel euphoric, relaxed, a loss of inhibitions and increased libido
Effects
can be felt within 15 minutes after ingestion.
Mixed
with
alcohol,
GHB can cause the central nervous system to shut down, lead to loss of consciousness, and possibly result in a coma or
death
Rohypnol
(depressant) Effects: Muscle relaxation, loss of consciousness, and inability to remember what happened hours after ingestion of the drugEffects begin within 30 minutes, peak within 2 hours, and may persist for up to 8 hours or more, depending upon the dosage
Date Rape DrugsSlide33
Rohypnol (
flunitrazepam
)
Street Names:
Roofies
,
Rophies
, Roche, Forget-me Pill, Circles
Manufacturer recently reformulated the drug to make it more detectable.
When put in a light-colored drink, new Rohypnol will turn the beverage bright blue.
Consumers of darker-colored beverages should be tipped off
by
a
cloudy
appearance.Slide34
Veterinarian Medicine
(an animal anesthetic)
Common street names: Cat Tranquilizer, Cat Valium, Jet K, Kit Kat, Purple, Special KCauses the person to feel as if their mind is “separated” from the bodyCauses feeling of unreality in humans
Ketamine
Powder
KetamineSlide35
Synthetic compounds chemically related to testosterone
Accelerates muscle growth without development of secondary sex characteristics
Most common used in athleticsUsually taken by individuals unfamiliar with harmful side effects
Anabolic SteroidsSlide36
Side effects
Liver cancer & liver malfunctions
Masculinizing
effects on femalesInfertilityDiminished sex drive in malesPremature halting of bone growth in teenagers
Unpredictable effects on mood & personality resulting in unprovoked acts of anger & destructive behaviorSlide37
Medical and legal classifications of drugs are not the same
Severity of penalties may depend on:
Amount (weight) of drugConcentration of drug in mixture
Controlled Substances Act (1970)5 schedules of classificationClassification based on:Drug’s potential for abuse
Physical & psychological dependence (how addictive are they)
Medical value
Drug Control LawsSlide38
Schedule I
Substance has a high potential for abuse
Substance currently has no accepted medical use in the US
There is a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision
Include: Heroin
, LSD,
Marijuana,
MDMASlide39
Substance has a high potential for abuse
Substance currently has an accepted medical use in
treatment in the U.S. with severe restrictions
Abuse of the substance may lead to severe
psychological or physical dependence
Include: Morphine
, PCP, cocaine,
methadone,
methamphetamine,
adderall
Schedule IISlide40
Substance has a potential for abuse less than those
in Schedules I and IICurrently has an accepted medical use in treatment
in the U.S.Abuse may lead to moderate or low physical
dependence or high psychological dependence
Include: Anabolic
steroids,
codeine,
hydrocodone
with
aspirin
or
TylenolSchedule IIISlide41
The substance has a low potential for
abuse
relative to those in Schedule III
Currently has an accepted medical use intreatment in the U.S.
Abuse may lead to limited physical
dependence or psychological dependence
relative to those in Schedule III
Include: Librium,
Xanax
, Valium
(tranquilizers)
Schedule IVSlide42
The substance has low potential for abuse relative those in Schedule IV
Currently has an accepted medical use in treatment
in the U.S.
Abuse may lead to limited physical or
psychological dependence relative to those
substances in Schedule IV
Include: Over-the-counter
cough medicines with codeine
Schedule VSlide43
Analysis must leave no room for error
A step by step procedure must be in place for determining the identity of the drug
2 phases:Screening tests –reduce the possible identities of the drug to a reasonable number
Confirmation tests – narrow down the possible identities to a single oneTests include: color, microcrystalline, chromatography, spectrophotometry and mass spectrometry
Drug IdentificationSlide44
Specific colors are seen when in contact with specific chemical reagents
Provide an indicator of drug’s presence
Allows field examination of substances to determine if drugs are presentColor TestsSlide45
Drop of chemical reagent added to small quantity of drug.
Crystalline precipitate forms
Microscopic examination of crystals can identify certain drugs such as heroinTests are rapid and do not require isolation of the drug
Microcrystalline Tests