Islam MI 396 Dr. Robert Patton - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Islam

MI 396

Dr. Robert PattonSlide2

The Life of

Muhammad

The Sira, a Political Biography

Dr. Robert Patton

Missionary to Suriname,

South AmericaSlide3

Beginning of

Muhammad’s

life

Father – Abdullah, meaning slave of Allah

Allah – moon god, of the

Quraysh

, the ruling clan of Mecca.Slide4

Early life

Abdullah died while his wife was pregnant

His mother died when he was 5 years old

His grandfather raised him, but died

Finally, his uncle Abu

Talib

raised him

All from the

Quraysh

clanSlide5

Tradition

His mother claimed that light from her womb lighted Syrian palaces

Abbysinian

Christians wanted to have the infant, and claimed he would be great

Young Muhammad was bonded with a Christian monk

Bahira

, who invoked the goddesses al-

Lat

and al-

Uzza

, but Muhammad would have none of it.Slide6

Tradition

Bahira

told Abu

Talib

to guard him; the Jews will be jealous of him

Another saw a mole and fainted. He said that the

prophethood

had left the Jews and he will kill their scholars

There is no historical record to support these contentions about a tradition of an Arabian prophetSlide7

Beginnings

No nation in Arabia – everyone was in a clan, and blood ties were important

Your value came from your tribe

Quraysh

were leaders in Mecca for 5 generations, and also the priestly group

Mecca small – ¼ mile x 1/8 mileSlide8

The

ka’aba

Building with many idols; tradition said that Abraham built it

There was a well called

Zam

Zam

; drink from it

Throw stones at pillars – at the devil

Ritual prayers, circling the

Ka’aba

while praying all preceded Islam

Black stone was key – probably a meteoriteSlide9

Early life

Supposedly conception, birth, pregnancy and early life were miraculous

Supposedly Jews and Christians as well as others knew

Muhammad

was coming

Raised by Abu

Talib

age 8. Taken to Syria, very sophisticated with writing (Arabic only for business), many Christians thereSlide10

Marriage

Hired by distant cousin, a wealthy widow called Khadija, as her trading agent. He was known for good character and business sense

Supposedly a slave boy going with him saw 2 angels shielding Muhammad and told Khadija, who saw that he had doubled her fortune.Slide11

Marriage

She proposed to him. She was 40; he was 25. They had 6 children; two sons died in childhood, and 4 daughters grew up.

Khadija had a Christian cousin,

Waraqa

, a convert from Judaism, who believed that a prophet would arise from this people. The Qur’an said that the Jews rejected the

prophecied

messiah.Slide12

Ka’aba

rebuilt

They decided to place a roof to prevent theft

They were afraid to demolish the walls, but one man did without problem. A Greek ship had run aground nearby and they used the timber for the roof.

The black stone was installed by the clan members lifting up a cloth with the stone insideSlide13

Monotheism

The Jews were strong monotheists – and of course killed Jesus for shirk – claiming to be one with God

Christians were unorthodox – believed in a trinity of God, Jesus, and Mary

People of the book – the Scriptures, as Arabians were polytheists with oral traditionsSlide14

Monotheism in Mecca

Very few Christians in Mecca

Zayd

was a precursor, a monotheist fusing their religion with tribal gods, praying to the

Ka’aba

, and taught on heaven and hellSlide15

Muhammad’s

visions

Muhammad

would have month long retreats, and circle the

Kaaba

in prayer

About 40, he was confronted with a vision and commanded to read, and then to recite while in the cave

Hira

. He complained that he could not read. The angel pressed on him 3 times. He was going to kill himself, but Gabriel revealed himself and called him a prophet of GodSlide16

Muhammad

called a prophet

When he told Khadija, as he was afraid of being crazy or a poet, she told her Christian cousin, who met him, and pronounced that he was a prophet.

Waraqa

warned Muhammad that his people would reject him, probably after

Waraqa’s

death

Khadija became the first convertSlide17

One mark described

One tradition states that

Khadijah

asked Muhammad to look and he saw the angel when sitting on her left thigh, right thigh, and lap – but no more when she removed her veil

Some Muslims contend that even angels cannot look on an unveiled woman – too sinfulSlide18

Repeated distress

Muhammad became suicidal on several occasions when the angel did not reappear for some time.

Many were skeptical of the source of his revelationsSlide19

Sources of inspiration

There are many references to the prophets. At first, Muhammad respected the Jews and sought their approval

Some of the Biblical materials came from the Talmud – such as the killing of Abel is that of a whole people, and God saving Abraham from being burned when they threw him into a fire for burning their godsSlide20

Muhammad & others

Muhammad becomes furious at those who reject him. The Qur’an is in Arabic, and not in Hebrew or Persian from another source.

Muhammad can ask the people of the Book if his prophecies are true.

Tradition states that a man questioning his authority could not be buried – the ground rejected his dead

body repeatedlySlide21

Other sources for the Qur’an

There was a Arabic Infancy Gospel that taught that Jesus spoke from the cradle, and made clay animals and gave them life. The parents told the children not to play with Jesus, because he was a wizard.

The Qur’an refers to this: 5:110Slide22

Gnostic views

Gnostics believe that the physical matter is evil, and that Jesus did not have a physical body and could not have been crucified.

Muslims are not worried about this, as the Qur’an was supposed to correct earlier errors, so influence would be expected.Slide23

Zoroastrian contribution

Much of the descriptions of heaven, including the

houris

(virgins), and the delights of the food, drink, and weather

are similarSlide24

Convenience?

Zaynab

, initially wife of

Zayd

, his son who wanted to divorce, eventually did. Allah himself showed Muhammad that he could marry

Zaynab

– apparently seen when thinly clad, a beautiful womanSlide25

Aisha’s situation

Aisha was in a veiled howdah. Unknown to others, she went to find a necklace which she lost, and was left. A man found her and returned her but rumors was that he had slept with her. These went on for a month

Eventually Muhammad showed that Allah stated that there were not 4 witnesses and thus she was innocent Slide26

Results of Aisha’s innocence

Woman’s testimony is not counted except ½ for a man in property. Aisha’s testimony did not count

Rape – 4 men must testify that it occurred. If the rapist denies, the woman may end up being executed for fornicationSlide27

First prayers

He learned that he should prostrate himself four times when at home, twice travelling

Gabriel showed him about ritual cleansing

Abu

Talib

fell on hard times, and

Muhammad

took Ali to raise; he became the second convert after

Khadijah

He was followed by Abu

BakrSlide28

Private preaching

Worship only Allah and not al-

Lat

and al-’

Uzza

Opposed by his uncle Abu

Lahab

– who either Muhammad or Allah said was doomed

The tribe asked for a miracle, or for Gabriel to speak to them

Once some interrupted their prayers, and one hit a polytheist with a camel jawbone, drawing bloodSlide29

Public preaching

After 3 years, he preached to about 40 publically, but they were mocked by the

Quraysh

tribe. This became much more severe when he preached against idols.

A fight came during prayers, and one of the clan injured an Islam man. The tribe offered Abu

Talib

to give him a man in exchange for killing

Muhammad.Slide30

Preaching at the fair

The

Quraysh

tried to warn others that he was a sorcerer, especially at a yearly fair; this only made others curious, and a number of men from Medina were attracted to his preaching

Medina had many Jews, and were used to hearing about monotheismSlide31

Fight with

Quraysh

More opposition – about 12 converts, and some from another tribe

Muhammad suggested going to Ethiopia or Medina

Allah gives permission for defensive war. They will then establish a poor tax and Islamic lawSlide32

New support

Muhammad

was fine to have a religion, but they wanted tolerance and threatened him.

Hamza

, the strongest man in Mecca, supported

Muhammad

One offered him money or power, but he refused, and recited the Qur’anSlide33

Many arguments

There were many arguments then and the

Meccans

demanded a sign or miracle from

Muhammad,

who said that Allah sent him as a messenger, not a miracle-worker. They found a story-teller who went to Medina

Men from Medina were giving 3 questions for

Muhammad

to answer.

His answers, given in places in the Qur’an, were also followed by many othersSlide34

Abu

Bakr

saves Bilal

Some of the

Quraysh

tried to make a slave renounce Islam, but he refused and they tortured him. Eventually Abu

Bakr

freed him by offering a strong black slave in his place; he did the same with 6 other Muslim slavesSlide35

Muslims go to Ethiopia

A number of Muslims left for Ethiopia

One man actually shifted to IslamSlide36

Umar

A very strong man, originally hassled

Muhammad

and everyone feared him

His brother-in-law and sister had converted

He read some of the Qur’an and was impressed and converted to IslamSlide37

Boycott

For 2-3 years, the

Quraysh

boycotted the Muslims – no selling food or intermarriage

Several strong verses in the Qur’an came against the opponents.

They ridiculed and offered to switch worship to see which worship was the best.Slide38

Satanic verses

A

Muhammad

decided just to hold three of the gods of the

Quraysh

tribe along with Allah. The tribe was happy and everyone worshipped together with

Muhammad

leading. But his conscience bothered him, and

Muhammad

realized that this was an attack from Satan. This is spoken in the Qur’an as a deceit from Satan, and

Muhammad

retracted; his relationship with his tribe deteriorated furtherSlide39

Satanic verses

Gabriel showed Muhammad that he was wrong, and Muhammad realized that the suggestion was from Satan. No more

worshiip

of al-

Lat

, al-’

Uzza

and

Manat

, the “daughters of Allah.” Allah showed that there was no way that the Muslims would have sons and he

onl

daughters. He nullified

Satan’s attemptSlide40

Satanic verses

Many Muslims deny this ever happened

However, the Qur’an does mention one occasion when both believers and unbelievers

prayed togetherSlide41

Muhammad

and a slave

Muhammad

showed interest in a Christian slave. His tribe ridiculed him and said that this was the source of his inspirationSlide42

The Night Journey

Muhamv

med was awakened 3 times at night by Gabriel; the third time he was placed on a beast –

Burraq

, between

adonkey

, and a mule with wings, and brought to Jerusalem.

He was taken to the first heaven, and greeted by Adam. Later he went to other levels, and met others, including Moses and AbrahamSlide43

The Night Journey

He describes them. He was to choose between drinking a bowl of milk and wine, and chose milk, the correct choice.

He was told to have Muslims pray 50 times a day but Moses said it was too much. It was gradually reduced to 5, the

Muhammad

refused to ask for more reduction

He was ridiculed by his tribeSlide44

The night journey

This is outlined considerable detail in the

Sira

from

Ishaq

. He describes many who were tortured to go to hell, the fire of hell, and how the angels greeted

Muhammad

with a smile. He also saw a beautiful woman there, who was the wife of his adopted son

ZaidSlide45

Two difficult deaths

Abu

Talib

, who had raised him and protected him, died; he did not accept Islam though

Muhammad

asked him to do so

Khadija, who was a great support

Muhammad

sought help from 3 brothers in the town of

Taif

, but they rejected him

A visiting tribe came to the fair, but wanted to be boss of Muhammad if he protected himSlide46

Medina comes to the fair

Tension between rich Jews who were getting weaker, and Arabs in Medina

The Jews predicted that a prophet would come and lead them to victory

One Arab tribe the

Khazraj

, decided to join

Muhammad

before the Jews – he was probably the predicted prophet, and made the oath (first) at AqabaSlide47

Medina blood oath

The first visit and oath was not a blood oath

A year later, they did make a blood oath to protect

Muhammad

to the death – second oath at Aqaba. – about 70 men

When they went back to Medina, the city was split. The Muslims continued; the rest with their animism. The Muslims

descrated

some of their animism totem items.Slide48

Tensions increased

Thus far there had been insults between

Muhammad

and his tribe. They had thrown dust on him. One threw shoes at the other, and the Muslim kept the shoes as a token of war

The

Medinans

returned; the

Quraysh

were not looking for a warSlide49

An attempt to kill

Muhammad

The Muslims left Mecca except

Muhammad,

Abu

Bakr

, and Ali

The tribe decided that every clan would work together to kill

Muhammad

together.

Story stated that Muhammad

had Ali sleep in his bed, confronted a group, they were blinded and he threw dust on their heads and departedSlide50

Leaving for Medina

Muhammad

and Abu

Bakr

left for Medina; Ali stayed behind to finish up business. They hid for three days and then made a 10 day trip

Two groups in Medina – natives and

Quraysh

. The former were termed Helpers. They set up a pact with treatment of Muslims different from that of

Kafirs

. Jews would be fine if they supported the MuslimsSlide51

Prayer in Medina

When an Arab leader died,

Muhammad

took his position. They set rules in order.

Jews called together with a horn; Christians used a bell

Muslims decided to have a chant from a high placeSlide52

Muhammad

marries Aisha

Muhammad

in mid-50s married Aisha age 9; she was the only virgin he married. She brought her dolls with her to the haremSlide53

Increasing tension in Medina

There were many “hypocrites,” those who pretended to be Jews or Muslims but were secretly in opposition, though they feared for their lives

Rabbis asked difficult questions and

Muhammad

became angrySlide54

Tensions increase in Medina

5 different tribes there – 3 Jewish, 2 Arab. They had fought with each other. Now the Arabs and Jews were at odds

Muhammad

claimed that the Jews had changed scriptures to hide the fact that he was

prophesied

to be coming. He felt that the Jews who denied that he was a prophet had changed things but were too proud to admit it (Remember that

Muhammad

is illiterate and cannot read scriptures. Slide55

He vilifies the Jews

The Qur’an now states that Jews will be turned into apes, and Christians into swine (5:59). They accused the Jews of doing the same thing with Moses and resisting him. The Qur’an states that the Jews were accused by Moses of changing the Torah.Slide56

Muhammad

claims to be the true Jew

When the Jews and Christians state that

Muhammad

must convert or go to hell, he stated that they were deliberate deceivers and Allah will make them burn in hell. He was the true Jew and follower of Abraham, who was neither Jew nor Christian but a true MuslimSlide57

Muhammad

changed the kiblah

The kiblah is the direction of prayer. At first,

Muhammad

prayed toward Jerusalem

But now he prayed toward the

Ka’abaSlide58

Christians in Medina

Supposedly when Christians came, they knew that

Muhammad

was

prophesied

, but the bishop refused Islam because he would lose money and prestige.

They claimed that because Jesus did not change kings or night to day, he was just a prophet and not God. Allah gave him the power to speak from the cradle and make clay birds fly to show that he was a prophet, but not GodSlide59

Muhammad

and Christians

Allah denies the trinity, and any

Kafir

who claims the trinity will be burned in hell

Jesus is only a messenger, not God

Allah is a better plotter than those who wanted to kill Jesus; he made a double who was crucified and took Jesus to heaven: 4:156Slide60

Jihad

13 years after first preaching

Medina – 3 groups

Muslims

Jews

Arabs with traditional religion

A few Christians were also apartSlide61

Beginning with raid on

Najar

Killing became acceptable

Muslims were to stick together, never look to an unbeliever for support, and never to fight against a believer for an unbeliever

Women and children of unbelievers were fair gameSlide62

First raids

There were seven raids made over the first 2 years or so, without contact – mostly seeking the

Quraysh

First group killed during the sacred month in a sacred area.

Muhammad

originally did not take the spoils, but then wrote that idolatry and resisting Islam is worse than killing. Before that, one killing paid for another, but no longerSlide63

Jihad starts

Muhammad

took 20% of the spoils. They held other men for

ransom

Allah revealed that the sin of rejecting Islam was worse than attacking during the sacred month.

Umar wanted to kill the captives, and Muhammad later felt that killing was better than ransomSlide64

Badr

Abu

Sufyan

with 70 men went on a caravan

Muhammad

got an army of 300 to attack – those from both Mecca and Medina

Abu

Sufyan

discovered the plot and moved the caravan from

Badr

.

Muhammad

plugged the wells between them and the

Quraysh

armySlide65

Badr

Hamza

killed the first man

The battle was fierce, with many dying. This is the first time that persons killed their own family – in the cause of Allah. The first martyr was guaranteed paradise.

The Muslims were victorious, killed enemies, captured some for ransom, and a lot of bootySlide66

Qur’an war

chest

To resists

Muhammad

is a death sentence from Allah

Don’t turn your back except tactical maneuver against any Kaffir

The awe of

Muhammad

is the fear of

Allah

The strength of the fighting is in piety, not in numbersSlide67

No more taking captives

They would no longer take captives for ransom, but kill all

Kafirs

–

Saed’s

request

The spoils of war would finance Islam

Islam melded universal command, and a fused religious and political machine together

Started with 150 poor Muslims, picked up another 100-150, but now is a powerful armySlide68

Banu

Qaynuqa

jews

Muhammad

besieged the tribe, and eventually they surrendered. An Arab ally begged for safety for them

Muhammad

took all the goods and wealth and drove them out of MedinaSlide69

Al Ashraf the Jew assassinated

Al Ashraf wrote poetry criticizing Islam

A Muslim offered to kill him. He was allowed by

Muhammad

to lie to deceive him.

The

muslim

pretended to befriend him, but then set a trap and killed

him.

Note expediency – lying is OK to help Muhammad

Slide70

The battle of

Uhud

The

Meccans

returned for revenge. The Muslims did not stay in an encampment where they had an advantage

At first they won, but the archers left their post to get booty, and the cavalry attacked from the rear and won for MeccaSlide71

The lesson of

Uhud

The Muslims expected to win, and were defeated.

Muhammad

told them that their defeat was because they failed to hold themselves as good Muslims, and failed to obey him explicitly. But Allah loved them enough not to totally destroy them. They should not focus on booty, but on victory for AllahSlide72

After

Uhud

There were two situations where there was deceit and betrayal. On the second occasion,

Muhammad

lost 69 of his best fighters.

On another occasion, he sent Abdullah to assassinate the leader of a coalition against him. The assassin succeeded and was rewarded for his deed.Slide73

Jewish tribe #2 from Medina

Another tribe made a plan to kill

Muhammad

but he found out and besieged them. He burned many of their date palms.

They offered to leave without fighting, just taking what their camels would carry

All the spoil went to

Muhammad

since there was no jihadSlide74

Muhammad

& wives

There were a couple raids but no bloodshed

Muhammad

takes wives 4 & 5, widows of those killed

He was smitten by his beautiful daughter-in-law, the wife of his adopted son

Zaid

. He divorced her and after a revelation from Allah that it was OK,

Muhammad

married her. Allah said that an adopted son is not a real son; name him after his father.Slide75

Muhammad’s

wives

Muhammad

saw the danger of seeing another man’s wife, and imposed a veil on all his wives. No man would see them – just the woman’s relatives

His own wives were mothers of all and not to remarry after his deathSlide76

Jewish tribe #3

Went to

Quraysh

to join in fighting

Muhamamed

. They asked the Jews whose religion was better –

Muhammad

or the

Quraysh

. The Jews answered the

Quraysh

.

Muhammad

was advised to dig a ditch to protect against the invasionSlide77

The battle of the trench

The battle never really took place.

Muhammad

was able to find someone to sow discord between the Arab

Meccans

and Jewish allies, and they disbursed

Later two of his men tried to kill Abu

Safyan

, and did not succeed, but killed three and captured oneSlide78

The last Jews of Medina

Muhammad

saw a vision of Gabriel, who ordered fighting the Jews

He put them to a siege 25 days, and then they surrendered.

He beheaded 800 Jews, took their wives and children and all property, sold some wives for sex slaves, and took one Jewish woman as his own wife after killing her husband and familySlide79

Arabs kill Abu Rafi

One Arab tribe ingratiated themselves by offering to kill the Jew who organized the fight at the battle of the trench, Abu Rafi

Five men went and succeededSlide80

Continued battles

There were several other battles, and he conquered the

Mustaliq

tribe. There was also squabbling between the Immigrants and the helpers.

Muhammad

married one wife of the captured tribe – wife #7Slide81

Aisha left behind inadvertently

She was found by a young warrior and returned to Medina

Many talked about a relationship between the two

Allah showed that there must be 4 witnesses for adultery to occur – thus none occurredSlide82

Treaty of Al

Hudaybiya

After a lot of debating, the

Meccans

signed a treaty with

Muhammad,

who viewed the treaty as a victory for

Islam.

Ultimately, treaty was for 10 years – and any treaty is only for 10 years, and only to allow the Muslims a chance to regroup and fight more effectivelySlide83

Dhimmis

They prepared to attack

Khaybar

. Their king

Marhab

fought Amir, who killed himself. Ali fought and killed

Marhab

The Muslims captured a fort at a time; he took captive

Safiyah

, a beautiful Jew and freed her as a marriage present.

1800 men divided the spoil;

Muhammad

got 20%. At nearby

Fadat

, they

surrenderd

without a fight and

Muhammad

received everythingSlide84

Dhimmi

Muhammad

allowed Jews to live, but received 50% of their profits and humiliated them

They refused to pay some blood money to

Muhammad.

He later asked that no Jews or Christians be allowed in

Arabia on his deathbed. Muslims still try to do this todaySlide85

Loss at

Muta

They attacked

Muta

, but found a large number of professional Christian warriors there, who destroyed them. Slide86

Defeating Mecca

Abu

Sufyan

, a chief opponent, came to see

Muhammad’s

army of 10,000. He was almost killed, but offered a chance to submit to Islam or die. He submitted, and told those who stayed home or in the

Ka’aba

that they would not be killed. Only 13

Meccans

resisted, and

Muhammad

became ruler. He took his 10

th

wife.Slide87

Mecca made holy

Muhammad

made Mecca a holy city, without bloodshed except at the order of

Muhammad.

He entered the

Ka’aba

and broke the idols there after riding 7 times around it and touching the black stone 7 times.

One lady submitted to Islam and was forgiven by touching his handSlide88

Khalid

Khalid deceived men promising not to kill them. When they surrendered, he bound and killed them; a woman was also killed

Muhammad

asked forgiveness of Allah, and

paid

blood moneySlide89

l

Battle of

Hunain

There was intense fighting and the Muslims drew back.

Muhammad

and Abu

Bakr

rallied the troops and turned the tide of battle.

Kab

, a poet against

Muhammad,

became a Muslim and was not killedSlide90

l

Battle of

Hunain

There was big trouble when Mary, a Coptic slave, gave

Muhammad

a son, and when one wife was away, he brought her into his harem instead of visiting her apart. The other wives rebelled,

Muhammad

stayed away from them for a month, and then there was something about this episode against the wives in the Qur’an. Abraham died

at 16 months of ageSlide91

Battle of

Tabuk

The trip was long in the heat of the summer. A number grumbled and dropped out

After arrival, they agreed to the poll tax so there was no battle

Khalid killed a Christian brother of the ruler and captured the ruler for ransom

Returning, he shunned 3 men for 50 days, then forgave themSlide92

Thaqif

submits

The first man from there submitted, but was killed on his return and announcement. But later the rest of the people submitted

The Qur’an now states that jihad is the normal state of affairs. But leave some behind so that the proper teaching is givenSlide93

Abu

Bakr

leads a pilgrimage

The treaty was only good for 4 sacred months; then jihad with compulsion to convert

No

Kafirs

could come to Mecca. The loss of income would come from jihad and the poll tax. Those who resisted to fight were hypocrites

Now several tribes submitted.

Muhammad

sent out people to collect the zakat.Slide94

Last pilgrimage

Final address: no usury; no blood revenge from before Islam; use the lunar calendar

Men had rights over a woman; they were not to commit adultery or act sexually toward others.

Christians and Jews are

dhimmi

and must pay

jizya

and accept humiliationSlide95

Muhammad

and world leaders

Muhammad

sent notes to several world leaders – one in Rome and Ethiopia said that he was a true prophet expected by Christians

The Persian king ripped the paper in piecesSlide96

Summary of fighting

Over 9 years

Muhammad

participated in 27 raids

There were 38 other expeditions and battles

There were also assassinations and executions

Average – one battle / 7 weeks over 9 years

After this = still more raids and killings listed in the

Sunna

, wives traded, etc.Slide97

Muhammad

dies

He became sick and weak suddenly, and died within a short time in the room of Aisha. He was buried beneath his bed

One of his last words was – only one religion must be in ArabiaSlide98

The character of

Muhammad

He was generous and open to all friends but when he became a prophet, he was gentle with Muslims and brutal with those who were not.

He participated in all levels of slavery and approved of it, including sex with slavesSlide99

Who would follow?

They felt that there should be just one leader, not one for helpers and one for immigrants

He must be from the

Quraysh

, the tribe superior to all others in the world

Abu

Bakr

was chosen. Many wanted to leave Islam, but

he killed all who wanted to leave as apostates. He was successful for 4 years, against IraqSlide100

Umar

, chosen to follow by Abu

Bakr

Conquered Egypt, Syria and Persia

Set up documents for

dhimmi

status

He stopped dividing the spoils of war and arranged state payment & a standing army

Giant of a man, beat his own son to death for drunkenness. Feared, not loved. Assassinated by a slave – former Persian generalSlide101

Uthman

Chosen by 6 men picked by Umar

Unpopular as he consolidated the government and there was less booty and income

He had assembled the Qur’an

He was assassinated by Muslims and his body dumped and partially eaten by dogsSlide102

Ali

There was resistance from Muslims. He killed some. Discontent

from

Aisha; when he won, she was placed under house

arrest. When Aisha had been accused of infidelity years before, Ali had told Muhammad he could get better wives

Then the governor of Syria demanded some of

Uthman’s

assassins to be turned over for revenge; Ali refused. They made a peace agreement, but many Muslims left Ali, and he was then assassinatedSlide103

Governor of Syria ruled

He ruled successfully, but when his son became caliph, the factions resumed. He demanded homage; resistance arose, and Al

Husayn

, Ali’s son, was killed, still mourned by Shi’a MuslimsSlide104

Summary after

Muhammad

Abu

Bakr

slaughtered thousands of apostates

Umar assassinated by a slave he had captured

Uthman

assassinated by Muslims

Ali – assassinated by Muslims

Al

Husayn

– killed by Muslims in battleSlide105

Deaths by jihad

Africans = 120 million

Christians – 60 million

Jews – a few thousand

Hindus = 80 million

Buddhists – 10 million

Total: approximately 270 million