19581969 Military Career A ppointed as the first Pakistani CommanderinChief of the Pakistan Army by Liaquat Ali Khan in 1951 Promoted over several senior officers ID: 744631
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Slide1Slide2
Maria
Anwer
BB-11-01Slide3
AYUB KHAN REGIME
(1958-1969)Slide4
Military Career
A
ppointed
as the first Pakistani Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army by
Liaquat
Ali
Khan
in 1951.Promoted over several senior officers with distinguished careers.Became a powerful political figure within a short period of time.Slide5
End of the Democratic System
By 1958, the government of
Iskander
Mirza
was unpopular and the political situation was chaotic.
Between 1955 and 1958, five different prime ministers tried unsuccessfully to establish a stable government.
In East Pakistan, severe floods caused food shortages and great distress. People were in despair as Pakistan faced bankruptcy and chaos. To most Pakistanis and the rest of the world, the government seemed corrupt and inefficient. According to the Constitution, elections were to be held in 1958; politicians tried to win support by any means.
On
7 October 1958, martial law was declared by President
Iskander
Mirza
. Slide6
Ayub
Khan Taking Power
Ayub
Khan took the role of Chief Martial Law Administrator.
On
27 October, he removed
Iskander Mirza from office and exiled him to London. Ayub Khan took
on the office
of
President as well.
To his supporters, this event
was known as the ‘Glorious Revolution’.Slide7
Reforms Introduced By
Ayub
Khan
Political Reforms
Agricultural Reforms
Economic Reforms
Social Reforms and Educational Reforms
Foreign Policies, etc.Slide8
POLITICAL REFORMSSlide9
Public and Representative Office Disqualification
Act (PRODA)
The PRODA prescribed
fifteen years' exclusion from public office for those found guilty of corruption.
About 3,000 officials were dismissed and many other were reduced in rank as a result of these measures.Slide10
Elective Bodies Disqualification Order (EBDO)
Passed in
August
1959.
S
pecial
tribunals
authorized to try former politicians for "misconduct," which was not clearly defined. 75 leaders were disqualified for 8 years.East Pakistani politicians primarily targeted from
the
Awami
League.
About 7,000 individuals were "EBDOed.". Slide11
Press And Publications Ordinance
Amended in 1960 to specify broad conditions under which
N
ewspapers
and other publications
could be closed
down.
Trade organizations, unions, and student groups were closely monitored and cautioned to avoid political activity.Imams at mosques were warned against including political matters in sermons.Slide12
1959 Basic Democracies
Introduction on 26 October 1959.
A four-tier system
which
would consist
ofSlide13
80,000
elected Basic Democrats would also form the Electoral College for the election of the President and members of the Central and Provincial
Legislatures.
F
irst
elections
were
held in January 1960 in which 40,000 Basic Democrats were elected in each province.On February 7 1960, 95% of the Basic Democrats elected Ayub Khan as the President of Pakistan.Slide14
1962
Constitution
Announced
on 1 March 1962.
Although
Ayub
Khan described it
as combining ‘democracy with discipline’.Its main features were presidential:The President nominated the Cabinet from the members of the National Assembly, but they would have to resign from the National Assembly if made ministers.Slide15
The President could not be removed unless impeached
.
The President nominated the heads of the judiciary and the provincial governors (who then nominated their Cabinets).
The
National Legislature could not pass a law without the approval of the President.
The
constitution shall be amended only by a two-thirds majority of the Assembly and assent of the president. If the president does not agree, it shall need a three-quarters majority. Even then, the president shall choose whether to dissolve the Assembly or call a referendum.Slide16Slide17
Constitution 1962
Introduced
without debate and
Ayub
Khan brought
martial law to an end soon afterwards.
The new National Assembly met on 8 June 1962. It appeared that Pakistan was moving nearer to a democratic system, but actually, Ayub’s reforms had increased the powers of the ruling elite.Slide18
Criticism-Political Reforms
1962 Constitution
The Constitution
upset
the people of East Pakistan.
Various
steps were taken
for them:National languages-Urdu and Bengali.
The
National Assembly
Session-
Dhaka
and Islamabad.President and Speaker
of the National
Assembly.
Despite
these measures, the people of East Pakistan still believed that Pakistan was, in reality, government of East Pakistan by West Pakistan. Slide19
Insistence on the One Unit Scheme
This produced
instant reaction among the small provinces and regional parties of Bengal. T
hey
started agitation against
Ayub’s
regime to force him to dissolve One Unit.
A Controlled DemocracyThe National Assembly passed a number of controversial bills during its life.One bill, passed in June 1964, allowed the president to remain in office until a successor was found.The Electoral College Bill meant that an electoral college of 80,000 would be elected who in turn would elect the president.Slide20
Maimoona
Mailk
BB-11-22Slide21
AGRICULTURAL REFORMSSlide22
Agricultural Reforms
From
the very beginning, a few notable agricultural families had spread their tentacles in the political set-up of Pakistan.
In
the former West Pakistan, politics was dominated by a
few
wealthier
landowner families.Slide23
Land Reforms Commission
Appointed in October, 1958
Submitted its report within three months
Led to a number of reforms aimed at:
Eliminating
the monopoly of the big landowners and particularly the absentee landlords, in the politics
Providing
security for tenureProviding fairer distribution and ownership of landSlide24
Land Reforms
A
person could not own more than either 500 acres of canal irrigated land or 1000 acres of unrelated
land.
Utilization
of resumed area.
Creation of pool.
Jagirs.Protection to tenants.Proprietary rights for the tenants.Slide25
Effects
A
total of 2.5 million acres of land was
resumed
2.3
million areas of land was distributed to nearly 1.8 lakh peasants.
M
ovement started for voluntary reductions in individual ownership, encouraging creation of a strong middle-class of owner-operated farms of economic size.Some people benefited while the powerful landlords managed to hang on to most of their land holdings. Quite a bit of the land they gave up was actually very poor land that they were glad to get rid of!Slide26
Other Measures For Agriculture
Three
major dams were built to help irrigation.
The
Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan (ADBP)
was set up.
Farmers
were also loaned money to build wells to reduce the need for canal irrigation.Slide27
Green Revolution
Growth in agriculture:Slide28
The
phenomenal increase in growth took place in two phases.Slide29
Phases Of Green Revolution
1. 1960-1965
M
ain
cause of the growth was the increase in irrigation facilities, mainly tube wells.
Between
1960-65, about 25,000 tube wells were installed, each costing R.s. 5000-12000 and the farm area serviced by tube wells doubled.Slide30
2. 1966-1970
G
rowth
took place mainly
because the
expanded irrigation facilities were supplemented by the technology package of
H
igh yielding varieties (HYV) seeds, Chemical fertilizers andPesticides.Slide31
Criticism-Green Revolution
Issues
of Tube wells
They
were highly regionalized
,
e.g. 91% of the 76,000 tube wells in 1968 were in Punjab.
Given the size and cost of tube wells, they were mainly installed by landowners with over 25 acres of land (70%).Poor and illiterate farmers could not take benefit of the credit policies offered by the ADBP to purchase and install tube wells.Slide32
2.
Issues
of
Tractorization
75
% of privately owned
tractors were
on farms that had sunk tube wells. 58%Slide33
3.
Regional
and Income Disparities
P
urchase
of tractors and access to credit were inaccessible to poorer
farmers
. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and south-eastern parts of Sindh had inadequate access to water and the HYV technology. Thus, regional disparities increased.So, the Green Revolution of Pakistan was produced by the farmers who owned between 50 and 100 acres, almost all of them in Punjab. The
Green Revolution has therefore been called and
‘
Elite Farmer Strategy’
.Slide34
Criticism-Land Reforms
Almost
three-quarters of resumed land, at least in the Punjab, was uncultivated and untenanted. This meant that the amount of land available for redistribution was even more limited.
Landlord-tenant relations were left unchanged, to be governed by the tenancy acts passed in the early fifties and to be supervised by the revenue service.Slide35
Sana
Irum
BB-11-23Slide36
ECONOMIC REFORMSSlide37
1) Industrial Reforms
Economic
development was a priority for
Ayub
Khan
.
H
e recruited able economists and advisers, many of whom had been trained in the USA. So successful were his policies that businessmen and leaders around the world began to praise the ‘Pakistan Miracle’. Slide38
In February 1959, the Government announced a new industrial policy of
“gradual liberalization of economy”
to pave way for smooth industrial growth.
M
ain
emphasis
on
the utilization of raw materials available in the country to benefit small and medium scale industries. The extreme bureaucratic restraints were removed by a more market-oriented approach. Slide39
Establishment
of Financial and Development Corporations
Pakistan
Industrial Development Corporation (PIDC)
was
set up with a capital of R.s 1 billion
.It was put in charge to promote the following industries: Jute Paper-board and newsprint Heavy engineering
Fertilizers
Sugar
Cement
Textiles, etc.Slide40
Industrial
Trading Estates
Four
new estates for small industries were established in
Bahawalpur,
Gujarat,
Larkana
and
Peshawar
This helped in the process of industrialization by handling the initial difficulties faced by new industrialists.Slide41
Price
Stability
In October 1958, the government took several measures to check inflation.
Price Controls
Price controls covering a large number of consumer goods and industrial raw materials were imposed.
These measures led to a fall in prices and improvement in supply position of a large number of articles.
They relaxed
the control over industrial investment and trade.
Moreover, the government removed the constraints on profit margin and prices.Slide42
Other Measures
G
overnment
borrowing
for
financing fiscal deficits was reduced sharply.
Efforts to broaden the direct taxation system kept the indirect taxation to minimum and hence prices of goods remained stable.
Needs of additional defence spending were met by additional taxation.
Therefore, the
average
annual rate of growth of prices was only 3.3%.Slide43
Investment
Promotion Bureau
S
et up in
April 1959
.
T
o attract foreign investment for the establishment of new industries To provide guidance to industrialists and investors.To solve problems of foreign investors in the matter finding
land,
water, power,
etc
.Industrial legislation was introduced to facilitate the growth of industry with minimum government interference. Therefore, this led to encouragement of private enterprise. Slide44
Other
Measures Related To Industry
Supply
of credit
Credit was liberally provided to the industrial sector by both the commercial banks &
the specialized
credit institutions, e.g.
Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan (IDBP).
National Investment trust was set-up to attract small saving into industrial investment.Slide45
Foreign Aid and Loans
Loans were taken from more industrialized western countries, particularly the USA, Germany and the UK.
These played
a dominant role in
the industrial
and economic development of Pakistan
.
Without that aid, the remarkable growth in that era could not be possible. Slide46
Investments
New
industries were given tax
holidays. This led
to the inflow of
capital (from 13.20
Million in 1956 to 26.28 Million in
1966).Private investment growth in West Pakistan during 1960-1965 increased over three folds.It declined over by 20% in next five years but still during the 1960’s, real private fixed investment more than doubled, grew faster than public investment, and accounted for nearly half of the total fixed investment by 1969-1970.
Political stability
,
liberalization of investment controls
and
ample availability of foreign exchange were key factors influencing a pronounced acceleration in the pace of private investment. The increase in investment contributed to an increase in economic growth naturally.Slide47
Water and Power Investments
Total water and power investments in West Pakistan during the
1960’s,
including
the, exceeded
US $2.5 Billion and accounted for more than 50% of total public sector spending
.Slide48
Unification of Domestic Markets
Domestic markets were unified so that the finished goods could travel easily from one place to another.
In 1962, an
oil refinery
was established in Karachi.
A
Mineral Development Corporation
was set up in 1962, for the exploration of mineral deposits.In 1964, an economic union was formed with Iran and Turkey, the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) in which the three countries agreed to develop ties in trade, commerce and industry.Slide49
TRADE REFORMSSlide50
Trade Policy
Introduced
in
1959.
Focus on
indirect controls on imports
and on
domestic prices of other goods. A number of measures were taken on import licensing that made market forces more important in determining the ownerships of import licenses.Slide51
Export
Bonus Scheme
I
ntroduced
in
1959
.
A flexible and fascinating device which was used both to subsidize exports and to allow a safety valve on imports, while maintaining the basic structure of import controls and the
official exchange rate at its existing level.
Over
1959-64, total imports increased much more rapidly than exports or GNP, and the composition of imports continued to shift towards the import of capital goods and processed intermediate goods.Slide52
Open
General Licensing Scheme
A
llowed
newcomers to enter the trading sector.
A
large amount of foreign exchange was allocated to the OGL, and the new traders made substantial profits and gains from possessing import licenses.Slide53
Free
List
Permitted
the import of certain goods without any license.
The
Free List was extended over time from
four
items to fifty
in 1964.Slide54
CRITICISM- ECONOMIC
REFORMS
Widened
the gap between the two wings of the country and gave rise to educational and class inequalities.
Criticism
Of
Industrial Reforms
Disagreements exist over the nature and
consequences
of those growth rates and over the
interpretation of the economic policies
.
Increasing disparities existed in regional income.Real wages failed to increase significantly.Industrial economic power was concentrated in only few hands (22 families controlling 66% of the country’s industrial assets).Slide55
Criticism Of Trade Reforms
The
rise in exports of processed goods was at the expense of the raw materials that would otherwise have been exported.
Some
exports may have taken place even if this scheme had not been introduced.
M
any
exporters sold their goods in the foreign market at lower prices, sometimes even below cost, since they calculated their return in Rupees in which terms the loss could be made up by the sale of bonus vouchers. Slide56
More than 40% of the imports of the government were financed by the foreign aid component, which was 6% of GDP in 1964/5.
W
hen
aid was severely curtailed after June 1965, the government had to abandon its liberal import policy and felt it necessary to
reimpose
a number of import controls
.
The Free List was reduced from sixty-six items in 1964 to fourteen in 1969 and to eleven in 1971. There was also a cut in the licensable list.Slide57
Zahra
Nasir
BB-11-66Slide58
SOCIAL REFORMSSlide59
Action
against Hoarding, Black Markets and Smuggling
With
many shortages of goods, s
ome
goods were hoarded so that the price would rise and they could be sold at a bigger profit.
Tough
action brought down prices. Goods were seized from profiteers and many arrests were made.Slide60
Fixation
of the prices of essential foods
Shortly
after taking power, the government fixed the price of
milk
,
vegetables
and ghee to
stop traders from making too much profit at the expense of the people.Slide61
New
Housing Developments
A
new and enthusiastic minister for Rehabilitation, lieutenant- General
Azam
Khan,
started tackling
the refugee problems. A massive new housing development at Korangi provided new homes for refugees living in Karachi. 75,000 refugees were settled in newly built dwellings near Karachi.
L
aws
were passed that factory owners had to provide accommodation for their workers at a reasonable rent.Slide62
Marriage
and Divorce Laws
In
1961, the
Muslim Family Laws Ordinance
helped improve the position of women.
Divorce
by simple repudiation was no longer allowed. Marriages and divorces had to be registered and approved by a court. Further marriages also had to be approved by a court.
The
minimum age for marriage was set at 16 for women and 18 for
men.
T
he grandson of a pre-deceased son was allowed to inherit the property of his grandfather.An important step towards improving women rights.Slide63
Measures
to control population
In
1955 a legal commission was set up to suggest reforms of the family and marriage laws.
I
n 1961,
Family
Laws Ordinance issued.A Family Planning Program was set up which was largely funded by American loans.
The government used radio, cinema, newspapers, posters and leaflets to persuade Pakistanis to limit the size of their families.Slide64
Health
Facilities
Medical
facilities were also improved.
More
medical and nursing training schools were set up.
This
was to increase the number of well-trained doctors and nurses in the country.Slide65
Modernization
Of Islam
In
1962, the term
Islamic Republic
was dropped in favor of simply
Republic of Pakistan.An Advisory Council f Islamic Ideology
was set up to advise
Ayub
Khan as to whether or not policies and laws were acceptable on Muslim principles.
The
Ayub government set up an Ulema Academy in Lahore. It was an attempt by the government to modernize the ulama and religious leadership in the country. Slide66
CRITISISM- SOCIAL
REFORMS
The
biggest policy failure in the
Ayub
era was in the social area.
The
Family Planning Program had limited impact on birth rate because the health workers themselves were illiterate and the program became prone to corruption. It was also criticized by the religious sections of the society.The laws introduced for improving the status of women in the society also were unable to change the patriarchal society of Pakistan and they were also resisted by the ulemas
.Slide67
The religious sections of the society severely resisted the modernization agenda.
There
was an increasing inequality in urban
incomes. The
share of wages and salaries in net output fell suggesting an increase in the share of profits.
Wages
did not increase despite improvement in labor productivity which was due to serious limits on the powers of labor union
.Slide68
Aasia
Yasmeen
BB-11-59Slide69
EDUCATIONAL
R
EFORMSSlide70
EDUCATIONAL
REFORMS
After the
Report
of the Commission on National Education
which
identified the importance of education as an investment in national growth:Education up to Class V was made free and compulsory.
Secondary education boards were set up to oversee secondary schooling up to Class XII.
A new curriculum for schools was drawn up and it was suggested that new textbooks should be published.Slide71
An extensive literacy program was started, building new schools and colleges.
Technical education was made mandatory.
University degree courses were extended from two to three years.
Progress was made to improve scientific education and research.
Civil Defense training was made mandatory in the schools and colleges.Slide72
Criticism-Educational Reforms
The
Second Plan set target of increasing primary school enrolment ratio in West Pakistan to 56% in 1965 but the ratio improved only to 36% because the population growth rate had been seriously underestimated.
The Third Plan again set a target of raising enrolment to 70% but the actual expenditures on education were much lower because of lower
resources.
F
emale
education was given low priority in West Pakistan by the governing elite and social attitudes who did not favor educating women. The urban bias in education was intensified. Slide73
NEW CAPITALSlide74
NEW
CAPITAL
Ayub’s
government decided to build a new
capital because
:
Traditionally, development in Pakistan was focused on Karachi, and President Ayub Khan wanted it to be equally distributed. Karachi was located at one end of the country and could be easily attacked from the Arabian Sea. A capital which was easily accessible from all parts of the country was needed.Karachi, a business center, was also considered unsuitable partly because of intervention of business interests in government affairs.Slide75
Construction
was started in October 1961.
The
city came into life on 26 October 1966 when the first office building of Islamabad was occupied.
In
1967,
Islamabad
was officially made the capital. It is a modern and carefully planned city.Slide76
Criticism- New
capital
The
change was yet another cause of discontent in East Pakistan. They preferred other sites for the national capital
in
their part of the country.
Building Islamabad cost a great deal of money at a time when many Pakistanis were expecting shortages.
It was claimed that Ayub Khan’s friends in the army and in the industry were making fortunes out of land speculation in the new city.Slide77
RELATIONS OF PAKISTAN WITH THE EXTERNAL WORLDSlide78
1
)
RELATIONS
WITH USA
In 1958, General
Ayub
Khan stated that
we are “the most allied ally” of the United States”. This shows that during this era Pakistan became more pro-west. Ayub Khan believed that Pakistan could not make progress unless the Kashmir problem was solved, which was not possible without the help of the Western Bloc. On
the other side the United States aims were to help Pakistan and to maintain her independence in an area threatened by communism.Slide79
Defense
for
Bilateral Cooperation
.
Signed by Pakistan and USA on
5th
March.
According to this agreement, USA agreed to cooperate with Pakistan to deal with its security threats and requirements.USA
was promoting its national interest by
maintaining the
independence
of
Pakistan. USA also declared that any attack on Pakistan would be considered as attack on America. This alliance upgraded defense of Pakistan against all aggression including the possible threat from India.Slide80
Relations After 1959
In
1962, China and India went to war. As China was communist, the USA immediately sent military aid to help India fight. This move offended the Pakistan
government.
In 1962,
Ayub
Khan visited China and in 1965, the Soviet Union. These visits displeased the USA.
During the 1965 war between India and Pakistan, the USA joined the UK in an arms embargo on both countries. As the Pakistan army was almost entirely dependent on the USA for supplies and training, the embargo was far more damaging to it than to India.Slide81
D
espite
these incidents,
Ayub
Khan was generally considered the
architect of good relations
between the USA and Pakistan.
He allowed the Americans to build air bases in Pakistan.He also remained loyal to the USA during the highly embarrassing ‘U2 Affair’ on 1 May 1960, when an American spy plane had taken off from Peshawar and had been shot down over Soviet territory.Slide82
Sadaf
Akram
BB-11-41Slide83
2
) RELATIONS
WITH
INDIA
Indus-Water
TreatyIndia controlled the head works of the pre-partition irrigation canals.
Pakistan feared that India might repeat a 1948 incident that curtailed the water supply as a means of coercion.
The
Indus Waters Treaty of
1960, backed
by the World Bank and the United States, finally found favor with Ayub Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru.Slide84
The
agreement also
detailed
transitional
arrangements
,
new
irrigation and hydroelectric power works, and the waterlogging and salinity problems in Pakistan's Punjab.
The
Indus Basin Development Fund
was also established.Slide85
INDO-PAK
WAR 1965
Ayub
Khan had to deal with the war between India and Pakistan that took place in 1965, which caused further problems for his regime.
Pre-War
Escalation
After its success in the Rann of Kutch, Pakistan, under the leadership of General
Ayub
Khan, believed the Indian Army would be unable to defend itself against a quick military campaign in the disputed territory of Kashmir.Slide86
Pakistan started Operation
Gibraltar. The Pakistani infiltrators were soon
discovered and
the operation ended in a complete failure
.
On 5 August 1965 around 30,000 Pakistani soldiers crossed the Line of Control dressed as Kashmiri locals
.
By the end of August, however, both sides had relative progress.Slide87
India
crossed the International Border on the Western front on 6 September, marking an official beginning of the war.
A heroic
defence
by the troops in and near Lahore prevented it form being captured by the Indian troops
.
After three weeks of fighting, peace was achieved on 23 September by the intervention of the great
powers. Slide88
Tashkent
Declaration
The Tashkent Declaration was a peace agreement between India and Pakistan after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.
A
meeting was held between Indian Prime Minister
Lal
Bahadur Shastri and
Ayub
Khan, in
Tashkent in the Uzbek SSR, USSR (now in Uzbekistan
) from 4 January to 10 January 1966.The conference was viewed as a great success but it compelled Pakistan and India to restore their national boundary and the 1949 ceasefire line in Kashmir. This eventually led to dissatisfaction and protests against the
Ayub
Khan
leadership.Slide89
3) RELATIONS
WITH THE
SOVIET
UNION
During
the
Ayub
Khan Regime, relations deteriorated and improved again due to several events.
In May 1960, relations reached a low point when a spy plane form the US base in Peshawar was shot down over the Soviet Union. The Pakistan government denied any knowledge of the American spying, but the Soviet government did not accept this.
However, relations improved gradually after 1960.Slide90
In
1961, the Soviets agreed
to begin exploring for oil in Pakistan.
In
1963,
the Soviet government loaned
Pakistan 11 million pounds and it shifted from its previous open support for India over Kashmir to a neutral stance.
In April 1965, Ayub Khan paid an official visit to the Soviet Union and further agreements on trade and oil exploration were reached.In January 1966, the Soviet Union hosted a peace conference between India and Pakistan at Tashkent. In 1968, when the Americans decided to close their airbase at Peshawar, the Soviet Union began to supply arms to Pakistan.However, at this point, relations with the Soviet Union worsened. The Soviet Government was not happy with the fact that Pakistan was accepting aid and arms from the USA as well from the Soviet Union.Slide91
4)
RELATIONS
WITH CHINA
Relations
with China improved greatly during the
Ayub
Khan Regime.
In 1962, Ayub
Khan visited
China, increasing friendship.
In March 1963,
talks between China and Pakistan to
settle their border dipute were successfully completed. In the settlement, the Chinese made more concessions to Pakistan than the
Pakistanis.
I
n
1963, Pakistan and China
announced
a series of trade agreements. China grated Pakistan a $60 million interest free loan and soon became the world’s largest purchaser of
Pakistani
cotton
.Slide92
In August 1963,
PIA
began regular flights to China, which helped to increase movement and trade between the two countries.
In 1964, China made a statement supporting Pakistan’s policy in Kashmir. In return, Pakistan supported China’s entry into the UN.
During the 1965 war with India, China supplied military aid to Pakistan and applied diplomatic pressure on India to prevent it from attacking Pakistani positions.Slide93
5) REALTIONS
WITH
BRITAIN
Relations
with Britain got strained during the
Ayub
Khan Regime when the British government made it clear that it did not feel bound through membership of the SEATO and CENTO pacts to support Pakistan in the 1965 war against India.
However, Britain played an important role during the 1965 tensions by engineering the agreement to resolve the diputes
. The
final agreement was signed by Pakistan at the Commonwealth Conference in London during June 1965.
Pakistan
appreciated the fact that Britain had criticized India for crossing the international boundary on 6 September 1965, a criticism which had created uproar in India
.Slide94
AYUB
KHAN’S FOREIGN POLICY-CONCLUSION
Ayub
Khan wanted
to develop balanced relations with all
the major
powers.
But his cultivation of China angered the US, which was providing more than 50% of Pakistan’s foreign aid.
At
a time when his foreign policy and foreign aid were in crisis,
Ayub
Khan plunged Pakistan into t
he Indo-Pak War of 1965 which ended with grave consequences for Pakistan. The US ended all military and economic aid. After the war, economic aid was restored at a lower level but the ban on military aid continued.Moreover, the war increased the socio-economic
problems that had already
started
due to
Ayub’s
policies.
Therefore,
Ayub
Khan was not very successful in his foreign policy.Slide95
Nida
Javed
BB-11-32Slide96
ELECTIONS
1965
Background
Elections for the Presidency were to take place in January 1965.
Ayub
Khan was nominated by a new party, the Convention Muslim League, which he had helped form.
The opposition parties all agreed to
support
Mohtarma
Fatima Jinnah.Slide97
Results
The opposition claimed
that the voting had been rigged.
There
were riots in Karachi and East Pakistan in which 20 people were killed. Slide98
POLITICAL
UNREST AND THE DOWNFALL OF AYUB KHAN
After
the 1965 war with India which had been provoked by
Ayub’s
government,
Ayub
told the people that Pakistan had won the war, but the Tashkent Treaty contained no reference to how the Kashmir issue should be solved. Ayub Khan sacked the Foreign Minister, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, who he blamed for the failings of the war. Bhutto now became a focal point for opposition to
Ayub
.Slide99
DECADE
OF DEVELOPMENT
By
November 1968,
Ayub
Khan had become immensely unpopular with the masses.
The
politicians and officials close to Ayub Khan suggested that a ‘A Decade of Development’ should be celebrated.
The
main purpose behind the celebration was to attract people’s attention towards the achievements of his time in office by declaring his
regime,
‘A Decade of Development’
.Slide100
Achievements
During
the 1960s, the average annual growth rate was over 7%, which meant that gross national wealth quadrupled in ten years.
The economy was not just growing twice as well, it was also growing three times faster than that of India or any other country in South Asia.
During 1960-65,
manufacturing output grew at
11.5% per annum.
During the same period, people’s incomes went up by an average of 14%.Therefore, many international economic experts believed that Pakistan had finally managed to stop the circle of poverty.Slide101
CRITICISM- DECADE
OF DEVELOPMENT
The
various reforms which he had initiated bounced back and did not work as he had foreseen.
In 1968, the chief economist in the Planning Commission of Pakistan revealed that only 22 industrial families were controlling
66% of the country’s industrial assets
and
80% of its insurance and banking services. This image proved politically very damaging to Ayub Khan.
Most of the new wealth was concentrated in West Pakistan which provided a pretext for the hostility to flare up in East Pakistan.
Planning
and development efforts
increased public
sector investment rate in East Pakistan more than that of West Pakistan but private investment continued to lag behind substantially.Slide102
Many Pakistanis saw little improvement in their standard of living.
Most
of the benefits went directly to those directly involved as owners, investors or managers in the businesses that were expanding.
Due to one of the highest population growth rates in the world, 2.2%:Slide103
People were angry that millions of rupees were spent on the celebrations of the Decade of Development for one whole year, at a time when they were experiencing economic difficulties.
The
Third Year Plan also could not be implemented as taxes were increased, prices went up and there were many shortages.
Therefore, the
‘Decade of Development’
is also referred to as the
‘Controversial Sixties’
.Slide104
DOWNFALL OF AYUB KHAN
The
celebrations of the Decade of Development led to further riots and protests.
Bhutto’s
Pakistan
People’s
Party(1967)
and Mujib-ur-Rehman’s Awami League became a serious threat to the President’s authority.
When
Ayub
Khan carried out widespread arrests, including Bhutto, there were more protests, which spread to East Pakistan
.
On a visit to Peshawar, Ayub Khan became the target of a failed assassination attempt.Throughout 1968, the protests and riots were impossible to stop. In October 1968, there were student protests all over Pakistan. Bhutto had captured the public mood in West Pakistan with his campaign for ‘Islamic Socialism’.
In January 1969, eight of the opposing parties formed the
Democratic Action Committee.
They wanted proper elections, the lifting of emergency powers and autonomy for East Pakistan.Slide105
On 17 February 1969,
Ayub
Khan withdrew the emergency powers and released many political
prisoners.
But
he had done too little too late
.
The opposition rapidly gained support while he and his party lost it.By March, Ayub Khan realized that he did not have enough support to stay in power. On 25 March 1969, he resigned. But he did not call for new elections to choose the new President. Instead, he handed over power to the army and for the second time in its short history, Pakistan experienced martial law.Slide106
Maria
Anwer
BB-11-01Slide107
CONCLUSIONS
D
ramatic
turnaround in investment and growth in both East and West Pakistan.
Serious disruption
by the 1965 war with India.
High
dependence on foreign aid.
Concentration
mostly
in
West Pakistan
.Growing economic disparity and insufficient political participation.Slide108
Despite
these economic policy failures and accusations of presiding over a regime run on ‘crony capitalism’, the
Ayub
era was an exceptionally successful period of economic management and a ‘success’ by whatever criteria were available at that time to measure success.Slide109
RECOMMENDATIONS
M
ore
democratic
institutions.
The
Constitution should also have given more power to democracy.Proper system of check and balance of the private institutions.Quality control
,
provision
of infrastructure
like communications and energy, and
direct incentives to exporters. Slide110
More
attention to the low-income
sector.
Alterations
to the modernization
policy.
Effective land
reforms.Credit more accessible to the poor farmers.No war against India.No rigging in elections.Slide111
REFERENCES
Books
and Articles
Pakistan-A Historical And Contemporary Look By
Farooq
Naseem
Bajwa.Introduction To Pakistan Studies By M. Ikram Rabbani
The History and Culture of Pakistan By Nigel Kelly
Pakistan-History, Culture and Government By Nigel Smith
Issues In Pakistan Economy By S. Akbar
Zaidi
The Green Revolution and the Gene Revolution in Pakistan: Policy Implications by Robert E. EvensonForced Modernization and Public Policy: A Case Study of Ayub Khan Era (1958-69) By Sarfraz Husain Ansari
Web Sites
http://www.brecorder.com/
http://herald.dawn.com/
http://storyofpakistan.com/
http://en.wikipedia.org/
http://www.academia.edu/
http://countrystudies.us/
http://www.infoplease.com/
http://www.google.com/Slide112
Any Queries?Slide113
Thank you For Your Attention!