The NEBI YEARBOOK 2003 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Hong Kong L - PDF document

The NEBI YEARBOOK 2003 Springer Berlin H
The NEBI YEARBOOK 2003 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Hong Kong London Milan Paris Tokyo The NEBI YEARBOOK 2003 North European and Baltic Sea Integration GENERAL EDITORS Lars Hedegaard and Bjarne Lindstrom CO-EDITORS Pertti Joenniemi Heikki Eskelinen Karin Peschel Carl-Einar Stiilvant Springer • NORDREGIO Nordic Centre for SpatJaI O.",.lopment -5 4 3 2 1 0 -The computer-enhanced photo on the cover shows six bright stars in Cassiopeia and -in the top left-hand corner -the Polar Star. With its characteristic W-shape, Cassiopeia is among the most easily identifiable constellations in the NEBI area's night sky. Its name comes from Quassio-peaer, meaning Rose-Coloured Face in Phoenician and being the name of a queen who reigned over a world far from Greece. Ptolemy attributed to Cassiopeia the qualities of Saturn and Venus, meaning power, respect and command. Whe

n the combination was negative, however,
n the combination was negative, however, it generated exaggerated pride and great presumption. Among countless depictions throughout the centuries is the above from Bayer's Cassiopeia (1603). TJcho's Nova is the famous exploding star discovered by the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe on II November 1572 and described in his book De nova stella (1573). The new star quickly dimmed, and in March 1574 it could no longer be seen. The Editors wish to acknowledge the kind assistance provided by the Tycho Brahe Planetarium, Copenhagen. Cover design: Rita Baving, Copenhagen List of Partners The publication of The NEB! Yearbook 2003 has been made possible by gener­ous grants from the following Partners: Danish Institute ofInternational Affairs (DUPI), Copenhagen The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Finland The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Sweden

The Government of Aland, Mariehamn Centr
The Government of Aland, Mariehamn Centre for Regional Science (CERUM), Umea Copenhagen Peace Research Institute (COPRI) Council for the Stockholm-Malar Region, Stockholm Federation of County Councils, Stockholm Nordic Centre for Spatial Development (Nordregio), Stockholm Pan-European Institute, Turku Schleswig-Holstein Institute for Peace Research (SHIP), Kiel The Skargard Co-operation, Mariehamn Swedish Institute for Growth Policy Studies, Stockholm, Sweden University of Joensuu Editorial Advisory Board Bj0rn Tore Godal, Chairman of the Editorial Advisory Board Hallgeir Aalbu, Nordic Centre for Spatial Development (Nordregio) Dag Briseid, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway Goran Hallin, Swedish Institute for Growth Policy Studies, Stockholm, Sweden Dag Hartelius, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Sweden Mikko Jokela, The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Finland Urpo K

ivikari, Pan-European Institute Anna Lun
ivikari, Pan-European Institute Anna Lundgren, Council for the Stockholm-Malar Region Hans Mouritzen, Danish Institute ofInternational Affairs (DUPI) Karl-Henrik Strom, Federation of County Councils Perttu Vartiainen, University of Joensuu Christian Wellmann, Schleswig-Holstein Institute for Peace Research (SHIP) Lars Westin, Centre for Regional Science (CERUM) Hakan Wiberg, Copenhagen Peace Research Institute (COPRI) Bo Wijkmark, The Government of Aland and The Skargard Co-operation Foreword Bjllrn Tore Godal Norwegian Ambassador to Germany Chairman of the Editorial Advisory Board Several of the contributions to the present volume of The NEBI Yearbook have been inspired by the fact that roughly speaking, ten years have passed since the first steps were taken to initiate cross-border co-operation in the Barents and Baltic Sea areas. One of the most important co-operativ

e organisations in the European Northeas
e organisations in the European Northeast, i.e. The Council of the Baltic Sea States, was launched in 1992. The Barents Euro Arctic Council was established in 1993. An avalanche of co-operative and cross-border initiatives has since hit this part of Europe with all kinds of actors participating -states, regional and municipal authorities, univer­sities, national organisations, businesses and private interests. Even international organisations and actors from outside the immediate NEBI area have taken a special interest in this dynamic part of the world. Among the most important is the European Union, whose Finnish-inspired Northern Dimension initiative has become a permanent fixture. As many of the chapters in NEBI 2003 testifY, integration in the NEB I area -across old political and ideological borders and cultural and socio-economic divides that are among the most pro

nounced anywhere in the world -has on th
nounced anywhere in the world -has on the whole been a great success. If one considers what has been accomplished in the areas of economic co-operation, trade, exchange of culture, knowledge and infor­mation, military and security co-operation, environmental co-operation and cross-border regional integration -to mention some of the most important areas -it is easy to forget that it has all been done within a span oflittle more than ten years. This can only be described as a success of historic proportions. At the EU Summit in Copenhagen in December 2002, i.e. ten years after the launching of the Council of the Baltic Sea States and nine years after the intro­duction of the Copenhagen criteria for membership in the EU, the Union decided to offer membership to ten new European countries. Four of them are members of the NEBI family, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland.

At the same time it appears that a satis
At the same time it appears that a satisfactory solution has been found to the problem of Kaliningrad's relations with its Russian homeland and with the surrounding EU countries. 2004 is most likely going to be the year, when the Baltic States of x Foreword Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania will also be accepted as members of NATO, which Poland has already joined. An important aspect of these developments is that they have not been achieved to the detriment of EU, NATO or bilateral relations with the Russian Federation, which are continually improving if one chooses a long-term perspec­tive. On the contrary, the regional initiatives have come to be seen as a beneficial and mutually supporting pattern of future relations. Another significant observation that can be made about the internal relations in the NEBI area is that over the past ten years, countries and regions with

a wide variety of state structures and
a wide variety of state structures and international political and security affiliations have been able to develop their co-operation without letting their differences stand in the way. Members and non-members of the EU and NATO have pulled togeth­er, as have unitary nation states such as the Nordic ones and the self-governing territory of Aland with federal states, such as Germany and Russia or with regions that belong to federal states. This makes the NEBI area an interesting region to study. There is probably no other place in the world along the old Cold War divide where the removal of the Iron Curtain has been as painless and led to such a degree of real integration as in the NEBI area. How this was accomplished despite the fact that success could not be taken for granted ten years ago, merits close observation. The NEB I Yearbook will continue to describe, monito

r and analyse develop­ments in this inc
r and analyse develop­ments in this increasingly important part of Europe. Five volumes of the Year­book have now been supported by a group of partners who have generously com­mitted funds for the project. At the same time, the Yearbook has relied on a group of editors, most of whom have been active from its inception. It is now time for a change, time to bring in new partners and to set up a new editorial arrangement. On behalf of the Editorial Board I thank all partners, editors, contributors and others who have participated in guiding the NEB I Yearbook out of its infancy. Contents List of Partners ................................................... Vll Editorial Advisory Board .......................................... V1l1 Foreword ......................................................... IX Bjorn Tore Codal 1. The NEB I Area Ten Years Later ....................

............ 3 Lars Hedegaard and Bjarne
............ 3 Lars Hedegaard and Bjarne Lindstrom PART I: ECONOMIC INTEGRATION Edited by Karin Peschel 2. Knocking on the Door: The Baltic Rim Transition Countries Ready for Europe? .................................................. 21 Claus-Friedrich Laaser and Klaus Schrader 3. Poland's Incomplete Economic Transition Henryk Cwiklinski 4. What Kind of Civil Service? Trends in Public Administration Reform in Eastern Europe Vita King 5. St Petersburg: A Rusian Gateway to Europe? Crigory Dudarev and Paavo Suni 6. The Baltic Universities -Facing New Challenges Arild Saether 47 55 67 85 -a Contents PART IV: POLITICAL INTEGRATION, TERRITORIAL GOVERNANCE AND SECURITY Edited by Pertti Joenniemi 17. Baltic Security After Ten Year Clive Archer 18. Towards a New Agenda? US, Russian and EU Policies in Northern X1ll 261 Europe .....................................................

. 273 Christopher S. Browning 19. Northe
. 273 Christopher S. Browning 19. Northern Foreign Policies: Tensions Between Canadian and Ameri-can Visions -Past and Present ................................. 291 Douglas C. Nord 20. Environmental Co-operation as a Pilot Project for Regional Inte-gration in the Baltic Sea Area .................................. 311 21. Fabrizio Tassinari and Leena-Kaarina Williams Threat Perception, Police Culture and Paranoia: The Case of the Russian Mafia Around the Baltic Sea Johan Backman NORTH EUROPEAN AND BALTIC STATISTICS Compiled by Juri Koll, Statistics Sweden Introduction by Jorg Neubauer 329 355 List of Figures .................................................... 483 List of Tables ..................................................... 485 Index ............................................................ 487 About the Authors and Editors .....................................