2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5 of all organisms that ever lived New organisms are still being found and identified Species of Organisms 3 What is Classification ID: 529425
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ClassificationSlide2
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There are
13 billion
known species of organismsThis is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!!New organisms are still being found and identified
Species of OrganismsSlide3
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What is Classification?
Classification
is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similaritiesClassification is also known as taxonomyTaxonomists
are scientists that identify & name organismsSlide4
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Benefits of Classifying
Accurately & uniformly
names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek)
for all names
Sea”horse”??Slide5
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Confusion in Using Different Languages for NamesSlide6
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Latin Names are Understood by all TaxonomistsSlide7
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Early Taxonomists
2000 years ago,
Aristotle was the first taxonomistAristotle divided organisms into plants & animalsHe
subdivided
them by their
habitat
---land, sea, or air dwellers Slide8
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Carolus Linnaeus
1707 – 1778
18th century taxonomistClassified organisms by their structureDeveloped naming system still used todaySlide9
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Carolus Linnaeus
Called the
“Father of Taxonomy”Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclatureTwo-word name (Genus & species)Slide10
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Standardized Naming
Binomial nomenclature
usedGenus speciesLatin or GreekItalicized in print
Capitalize genus
, but NOT species
Underline
when writing
Turdus migratorius
American RobinSlide11
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Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related?Slide12
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Rules for Naming Organisms
The
International Code for Binomial Nomenclature contains the rules for naming organismsAll names must be approved by International Naming Congresses (International Zoological Congress)This prevents duplicated
namesSlide13
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Classification Groups
Taxon
( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placedThere is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specificDomain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family,
Genus, species
Slide14
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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus
Species
BROADEST TAXON
Most SpecificSlide15
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D
umb
KingPhillipC
ame
O
ver
F
or
G
ooseberry
S
oup!Slide16
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Broadest
, most inclusive taxon
Three domainsArchaea and Eubacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)Eukarya
are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
DomainsSlide18
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Taxons
Most
genera contain a number of similar speciesThe genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans)Classification is based on
evolutionary relationshipsSlide20
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Basis for Modern Taxonomy
Homologous structures
(same structure, different function)Similar embryo developmentMolecular Similarity in
DNA
,
RNA
, or
amino acid
sequence of ProteinsSlide22
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Cladogram
Diagram showing how organisms are related based on
shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scalesSlide23
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Primate CladogramSlide24
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Dichotomous Keying
Used to identify organisms
Characteristics given in pairsRead both characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics OR identify the organismSlide25
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Example of Dichotomous Key
1a Tentacles present – Go to 2
1b Tentacles absent – Go to 32a Eight Tentacles – Octopus2b More than 8 tentacles – 33a Tentacles hang down – go to 43b Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone4a Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5