Tadeusz Majewski Department of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering Every year endof life vehicles in the Community generate between 8 and 9 million tonnes of waste which must be managed correctly ID: 190192
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Slide1
BIO-FIBRE REINFORCED COMPOSITES
Tadeusz
Majewski
Department of Industrial and Mechanical EngineeringSlide2
Every year end-of life vehicles in the Community generate between 8 and 9 million
tonnes
of waste, which must be managed correctly.
DERICITIVE 2000/53/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCILon end-of life vehicles
This Directive should cover vehicles and end-of live vehicles, including their components and materials, as well as spare and replacement parts, without prejudice to safe standards, air emission and noise control.
12. The recycling of all plastics from end-of life vehicles should be continuously improved. The Commission is currently examining the environmental impacts of PVC. The Commission will, on the basis of this work, make proposals as appropriate as to the use of PVC including considerations for vehicles. Slide3
The legislation provides for the creation of collection schemes where consumers return their used e-waste free of charge.
The objective of these schemes is to increase the recycling and/or re-use of such products.
It also requires heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and
hexavalent
chromium and flame retardants such as
polybrominated
biphenyls (PBB) or
polybrominated
diphenyl
ethers (PBDE) to be substituted by safer alternatives.Slide4
Article 7 - 2000L0053-EN-01.07.2005
Reuse and recovery
2(a) no later than 1 January 2006, for all end-of life vehicles, the reuse and recovery shall be increased to a minimum of 85 % by an average weight per vehicle and year. Within the same time limit the reuse and recycling shall be increased to a minimum of 80 % by an average weight per vehicle and year;
for vehicles produced before 1 January 1980, Member States may lay down lower targets, but not lower than 75 % for reuse and recovery and not lower than 70 % for reuse and recycling.
2(b) no later than 1 January 2015, for all end-of life vehicles, the reuse and recovery shall be increased to a minimum of 95 % by an average weight per vehicle and year. Within the same time limit, the re-use and recycling shall be increased to a minimum of 85 % by an average weight per vehicle and year. Slide5
Publications Wood and Natural Fibre Composites
(1996 – 20
10
altogether > 60 publications)*650 citations till 2010 (only in 2009: 121 citations, IF 16,818) Composites reinforced with cellulose based fibers Progress in Polymer Science 24 (1999) 2, 221- 274,
A.K. Bledzki, J.
Gassan
*263 citations till 2010 (IF 1,187)
Properties and modification methods for vegetable fibers for natural fiber compositesJournal of Applied Polymer Science 59 (1996) 1329-1336A.K. Bledzki, S. Reihmane, J. Gassan*143 citations till 2010 (IF 1,951)The influence of fiber surface treatment on the mechanical propertiesof jute-polypropylene-compositesComposites 28 A (1997) 1001-1005J. Gassan, A.K. Bledzki
Universität Kassel
Institut für Werkstofftechnik Kunststoff- und Recyclingtechnik
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Andrzej K. Bledzki [kutech@gmx.de]Slide6
Raw materials as cellulose fibers (
abaca, jute, hemp, sisal,
kenaf
, cotton),
soft or hard wood
fibers are widely used in an industry.
They have very interesting field of applications because of their promising properties.
These materials need further investigation to improve their properties and increase their applications. Some of their drawbacks can be improved in further research. The parts from the composite materials are produced by injection moulding or extrusion.
Automotive industry is interested in new materials, because according to new regulations cars should be partially decomposable or recyclable.Slide7
Domestic application of WPCSlide8
Automotive applications
Mercedes-Benz Class S with environmental certificate
Components made from different bio fibre reinforced composites Slide9
Under floor protection trim of Mercedes A class made from banana fibre reinforced composites (Source: DaimlerChrysler Awarded for Banana Fibre Use in Mercedes A Class
http://www.netcomposites.com/news.asp?2888
)
Automotive interior components made from wood fibre reinforced composites (Source:
Bledzki et al., Cars from Bio-
Fibres
, Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2006, 291, 449-457)Slide10
Automotive instrumental panel with integrated airbag flap made from bio-fibre reinforced composites (Source:
Bledzki et al., Cars from Bio-
Fibres
, Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, 2006, 291, 449-457)
Front side
Back side with air bag sheetSlide11
PROPERTIES OF PARTS MADE OF WPC:
Small weight,
Small use of energy during production,
Good
mechanical
properties
,
Good
acoustic isolation,
Renewable materials.
Nomenclature
WPC- Woof Fiber Composite
PP575 –
Polypropylen
PAN –
Polyacrylnitril
PET -
Polyethylenterephthalat
W - Softwood
Cordenka
– Man made cellulose fiber
%wt –percentage weight of fiber
Wood Plastic Composites (WPC) is widely used in automotive and domestic industry. With addition of natural fibers the composite materials obtain better properties, they are cheaper and friendly for the environment.
Cellulose fibers
-
abaca, jute, hemp, sisal,
kenaf
, cotton, soft or hard wood fibers
The parts from the composite materials are produced by injection
moulding
or extrusion.
Natural fibers, thanks to their lightweight, the strength and the low cost may replace artificial/mineral (glass or coal) fillers in many parts.Slide12
Wood fibre mat with resin
Compression
molding
in a tempered
mold
,
demolding
Substrate ready forcovering processMat compression moulding:: Fibrowood (Johnson Controls)Slide13
Bast
Fibres with Thermosetting Binder
Mat compression moulding:NF-EP
Process steps
In-Line covering of NF-mat with Epoxy Resin
NF-mat is pressed in the final shape in a Hot pressing tool Part is cut in its final shapeNatural fibremat
Sliding of the
EP resin
Mat with resin
Substrate
Compression molding
Drying
Deflector
Mixing pipe
Cutting Slide14
Bast
Fibres with Thermosetting Binder
Carrier
Carrier vacuum covered
with Foam-Foil
Complete Door Panel Slide15
Functional safeguard
Under-floor cover A-Class
economy
ecology
technology
Exterior Applications: 1st Exterior Natural Fibre Application
A-Class Under-floor (DaimlerChrysler/
Rieter
)Slide16
ExtrusionSlide17
WPC
ProfilesSlide18
Mechanical properties
Laboratory scale testing device for measuring ESlide19
Elastic modulus for WPC and its changing with temperature
Elastic modulus for different specimens
WPC- Woof Fiber Composite
PP575 –
Polypropylen
PAN –
Polyacrylnitril
PET -
Polyethylenterephthalat
W - Softwood
Cordenka
– Man made cellulose fiber
%wt –percentage weight of fiberSlide20
Comparison E from different methods
First bar – tension,
second bar – bending,
third bar – DMA (
Dynamic Measurement Analyzer )
fourth bar –testing device
WPC- Woof Fiber Composite
PAN –
Polyacrylnitril
The difference between the results obtained from my laboratory scale testing device for the same type of material were no greater than 5 % Slide21
Shear modulus - G
Testing device
1
2
3
4
My testing device:
The relative error of the storage modulus about 5%Slide22
Laboratory stands for measuring the shear modulus GSlide23
Development of
Bioplastics
MarketSlide24Slide25
Thank you for your attention
Agradecemos su participación y asistencia
Danke schön
Tadeusz
Majewski
, UDLAP
Foro de Innovación 2011INNOVATIONFORUM11Slide26Slide27
EUROPEAN
COMMISSION
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The
directive of
European
Parliament and of the Council of
18 September 2000
7 organized