Nationalism in Europe and Asia Rise in dictators with strong belief of nationalism Treaty of Versailles causes anger and resentment Germans saw nothing fair in the treaty People begin to turn to authoritarian leaders ID: 643942
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Slide1
Dictators and World PeaceSlide2
Nationalism in Europe and Asia
Rise in dictators with strong belief of nationalism
Treaty of Versailles causes anger and resentment
Germans saw nothing fair in the treaty
People begin to turn to authoritarian leadersSlide3
The Big 3
Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
Civil war leads to establishment of communism
Takes control after the death of Lenin
Made both agricultural and industrial growth the prime economic goals
All economic activity placed under federal rule Eliminated anyone who opposed him (8-13 mil deaths)Established a totalitarian governmentPeople had no rights and the gov’t had complete controlSlide4
The Big 3
Benito Mussolini (Italy)
Unemployment and inflation
Middle and upper classes ask for stronger leadership
Played on the fears of economic collapse and communism
Established the Fascist PartyStressed nationalism and placed the interests of the state above those of individualsMarched men into Rome and was appointed head of governmentNamed himself Il Duce (the leader) and eliminated all oppositionSlide5
The Big 3
Adolf Hitler (Germany)
Jobless soldier after WWI
Joined the Nazi Party
Became the parties leader (great speaker)
Based on extreme nationalismDreamed of uniting all German people into a great German EmpireRacial “purification” (Aryan race)Everyone else only fit enough to serve the Aryan race
Believes that Germans need more living space
Germany caught in the U.S. depression (loans, etc.)
Appointed Chancellor (Prime Minister)
Created the Third Reich (Third German Empire)Slide6
Militarism in Japan
Military leaders believed in more living space as well
Launched surprise attack and gained control of Manchuria (Chinese Province)
League of Nations investigates incident
Successful attack puts militarists in control of Japan’s gov’tSlide7
Europe, Africa, and Spain… OH MY
Failure of the League to take action against Japan raises eyebrows
Hitler pulls Germany out of League
Builds military and sends troops to the Rhineland
League did nothing to stop this
Mussolini building new empireFirst target was EthiopiaLeague did nothing -> “It is us today. It will be you tomorrow.”Slide8
Francisco Franco
Group of Spanish army officers led by Francisco Franco rebels against the Spanish republic
Americans form the Abraham Lincoln Battalion and travel to Spain to fight Franco
Did not stop the spread of Fascism
Hitler/Mussolini back Franco with military supplies
Hitler and Mussolini sign an alliance called the Rome-Berlin AxisFranco becomes Spain’s fascist dictatorSlide9
U.S. Response
Americans do not want the U.S. to become involved
Had signed the
Hellogg
-Briand Pact along with 62 other countries -> war would not be used as “an instrument of national policy”
Congress passes the Neutrality ActsEffort to keep the U.S. out of future warsFirst 2 acts outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war3
rd
act extends the first 2 acts to countries involved in civil wars
Japan invades China again in 1937 -> FDR finds way around Neutrality Acts and sends supplies
FDR encourages all peace-loving nations to “quarantine” aggressor nations in order to stop the spread of war
Newspapers claim FDR is leading nation back into war (backs off)Slide10
War In EuropeSlide11
Fall of Austria and CzechoslovakiaSlide12
Fall of Austria and Czechoslovakia
Hitler meets with top military advisors
Claims Germany needs land of their neighbors
Absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia into the 3
rd
ReichAustria composed of 6 mil. Germans who wanted unificationHitler marches unopposed and “absorbs” AustriaSlide13
Fall of Austria and Czechoslovakia
3 mil. German speaking people in Western Czech. (Sudetenland)
Wanted to annex to provide more living space and to control its natural resources
Said Czechs were abusing Sudeten Germans
Used yellow journalism in newspapers
France/Britain vowel to protect Czech.Edouard Daladier (French) + Neville Chamberlain (British) meet with Hitler
Claims it would be his last land demand (sign Munich Agreement) -> gave Sudetenland to Germany
Winston Churchill (British) opposes this idea
Appeasement -> giving up principles to pacify an aggressorSlide14
German Offensive
Hitler was not finished
Captured rest of Czech in March, 1939 then turned to Poland in the Northeast
Believed this could cause war with Soviet Union, Britain, and France (two front war)
Stalin signs nonaggression pact
Also agree that they would split Poland between themGermany invades Poland with blitzkrieg tacticsBritain and France declare war 2 days later
Beginning of WWIISlide15
France and Britain
France tries to set up fortification along its borders (unsuccessful)
Germans march towards Paris
Italy enters on Germany’s side – attacks France from South
Hitler gets France to surrender
Germans would occupy Northern FranceNazi gov’t set up in Southern FranceCharles de Gaulle flees to England – set up French gov’t in exile“France has lost the battle, but has not lost the war.”Slide16
Battle of Britain
Germans begin to bomb Britain (every night for 2 months)
Could not compete with their navy
Royal Air Force (with help of radar) able to fend off the attack
Both sides
continue bombing to break moral and disrupt productionSlide17
The HolocaustSlide18
After Hitler takes office he orders all non-Aryans out of gov’t jobs
Holocaust begins -> murder of 11 mil. People across Europe
Jews become center of attention (blamed for failures)
Nuremburg Laws stripped Jews of their citizenship, jobs, and property
Had to wear bright yellow Star of
DavidPersecutionSlide19
“Night of Broken Glass”Nazi troops attacked Jewish homes and businesses
Around 100 Jewish people killed
Nazis them blame Jews for the destruction
KristallnachtSlide20
Jews fleeing Germany had hard time finding countries to accept them
Some make it to U.S. (Albert Einstein)
St. Louis (ship) filled with many immigrants
Coast Guard follows ship and doesn’t let them enter the U.S. and forced to return to Europe
RefugeesSlide21
Final solution of genocide – deliberate killing
Other groups involved in the final solution
Gypsies, Freemasons, and Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals, mentally deficient, and mentally/physically ill
Hitler’s S.S. (secret squadrons) begin to round up these people and shot them on the spot
Those who were not shot forced into ghettos -> sealed off from rest of the population
Jews set up secret schools to educate themselvesHitler’s “Final Solution”Slide22
Those not reached by killing squads were forced into concentration camps
Originally used for imprisonment of political opponents and protestors
Ended in death more often than not
Horrible living conditions, hunger, hard work
Too weak to work = death
Concentration CampsSlide23Slide24Slide25Slide26
Add a new phase to the murder of Jews -> Poison Gas (cyanide gas)
Other means did not kill fast enough to satisfy the Nazis
6 death camps built in Poland
Largest of death camps was Auschwitz
Separated off the train into workers and people who would be killed (disguised as a shower)
At first bodies were buried -> left horrible smell and evidence of mass killingsBegan to burn the bodiesMedical experiments carried out as well6 mil Jews die in death campsSome survived (pg. 549)
Final StageSlide27Slide28Slide29
America and the WarSlide30
Moving Away from Neutrality
FDR believes there can be no peace in a world ruled by dictators
Revised Neutrality Acts
Warring nations could buy arms from U.S. as long as the paid cash and found own transportation
Help France and Britain defeat Germany
FDR learns of the Axis Powers – Germany, Italy, and Japan (2 ocean war)U.S. boosts defense –> first peace-time draftMen between ages of 21 and 35
FDR elected for 3
rd
termSlide31
Lend-Lease Act
FDR comes up with the Lend-Lease Act
Lend or lease arms and other supplies to any country whose defense was vital to the U.S.
Hitler breaks agreement with Stalin and invades Soviet Union
U.S. is now sending supplies to Soviets and British
Hitler sends out U-Boats along routesFDR gives permission to attack in self defenseSlide32
Planning for War
Congress votes on extension of the draft
Churchill (Britain’s Prime Minister) meets with FDR secretly and forms the Atlantic Charter
Collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas
Form Allied Powers (U.S., Britain, France)
FDR now approves the offensive on U-BoatsSlide33
Japan Attacks
U.S. now in undeclared naval battle with Germany
Japan launches invasion in China (Hideki
Tojo
)
British busy, U.S. islands only thing in Japan’s wayU.S. cuts off trade with JapanTojo reaches out to Hirohito (emperor)Plan attack on U.S.
U.S. breaks codes but doesn’t know where attack will be
Try peace talks -> but they failSlide34
Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
Pearl Harbor = largest U.S. naval base in the Pacific
“Air raid on Pearl Harbor. This is not a drill!”
Japanese bomber + 180 Japanese warplanes
Lasted an about 2 hrs. and the devastation was unbelievable2,403 killed, 1,178 wounded, 21 ships sunk/damaged, 300 aircraft destroyed/damaged 3 aircraft carriers surviveSlide35Slide36
U.S. Reaction
Each report FDR received in Washington was more horrible than the previous
U.S. did not have the navy or air force to fight on two fronts
Began to build both up in preparation for war
Famous FDR infamy speech