Monotheism Trade and Writing SSWH1 The student will analyze the origins structures and interactions of complex societies in the ancient Eastern Mediterranean from 3500 BC to 500 BCE Monotheism ID: 617589
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Eastern Mediterranean Societies: Monotheism, Trade, and Writing
SSWH1: The student will analyze the origins, structures, and interactions of complex societies in the ancient Eastern Mediterranean from 3500 BC to 500 BCE.Slide2
Monotheism
SSWH1 c: Explain the development of monotheism, include the concepts developed by the ancient Hebrews, and Zoroastrianism. Slide3
The Development of Monotheism
The oldest monotheistic religion was created by the Hebrew people.
Its foundation lies in the original covenant made between Abraham and God, ~1900 BCE
Abraham’s Sons
Ishmael by Hagar would be the ancestor of the Arab people
Isaac by Sarah would be the ancestor of the Israelites (Jews) and eventually ChristiansSlide4
The Development of Monotheism
Asher
Simeon
Dan
Issachar
Levi
Nephtali
Reuben
Zebulun
Judah
Gad
Joseph
Benjamin
Abraham
Isaac
Ishmael
Esau
JacobSlide5
The Development of Monotheism
Joseph was sold into slavery in Egypt by his brothers (jealousy)
His gift in dream interpretation made pharaoh give him position of vizier
He was in a position to bring his whole family to Egypt during the famine.
Israelites stay in Egypt for 400 yearsSlide6
The Development of Monotheism
The second and chief covenant of Judaism was made when Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt.
God gave Moses the 10 Commandants and other rules to live by (contained in the
Torah
) marking the beginning of Judaism as a structured monotheistic religion.
Dates are unknown – anywhere from 1600-1200 BCE.Slide7
Hebrew Monotheism
Main Beliefs of Judaism
There is one God, Yahweh
created and ruled the world.
determined right and wrong (what is sin)
expected people to deal justly with each other and accept moral responsibility
for
their actions.
Role of Humanity: All people were Yahweh’s servants, not just a certain tribe or nation. Slide8
Hebrew Monotheism
3 important aspects of the Hebrew religion
Covenant
was the agreement between God and his people.
Law
of God stated in the 10 Commandments
Holy messengers called
prophets were sent by God.
Unjust actions brings punishment New elementconcern for all humanityhope that someday all people would follow the law of the God of Israel in a time of peace. Slide9
Hebrew Monotheism
The religion of Israel was unique among the religions of western Asia and Egypt.
Its most distinctive feature was its monotheism.
Ideas of Judaism were written down
would not accept the gods/goddesses of neighbors.Slide10
Hebrew Monotheism
Main Beliefs of Judaism
Afterlife:
Primary focus of Judaism is here and now, not afterlife.
Called
Olam
Ha-
Ba (The World to Come)They believe in an afterlife but there is no official dogma. Open to personal opinion.
Paradise, temporary punishment to purge soul, reincarnation, resurrectionRole of Humanity: All people were Yahweh’s servants, not just a certain tribe or nation. Slide11
Hebrew Monotheism
Main Beliefs of Judaism
Role of Humanity:
Created to be companions for God.
All people were Yahweh’s servants and companions
Jews are “chosen people” in that they
live their lives fully in accordance with God’s will as an example to others
Books of Judaism:
Torah (Old Testament), particularly the PentateuchTalmud – rabbinic teachings Slide12
Persia
Persia is the name used to describe the people who moved into the Iran area of the Assyrian Empire as it was in decline.
It rose in influence under great leaders like Cyrus the Great and Darius the Great and created a great empire as it conquered territories in the region.
Would come to interact with the Greeks later on.Slide13
Persian MonotheismZoroastrianism
Beginning uncertain, possibly as early as 1200 BCE.
Existing frameworks were formalized through the work of prophet Zoroaster.
Was dominant religion in Persia until the Muslims came through in 700s CE.
Zoroastrian refugees from Persia brought the religion into India, where most of the modern
practioners
live today.Slide14
ZoroastrianismMain Beliefs of Zoroastrianism
One Supreme and Universal God, called
Ahuramazda
, who created the world
Duality of Existence: good versus evil (morally and cosmically)
Ongoing battle between good (
Ahuramazda
) and evil (Ahriman). Good will win with rewards, evil will lose and suffer punishment.Ethics of ‘Good Words, Good Thoughts and Good Deeds’
Sacredness of creation – ecological concernSlide15
Zoroastrianism
Main Beliefs of Zoroastrianism
Afterlife: soul remains near body 3 days then goes to 1
st
judgment, which gives temporary residence in heaven or hell. Last Judgment comes at end of time when
Ahuramazda
judges for permanent place.
Role of Humanity: to stay away from evil and enhance the good amongst us through religious practice and following teachings of Zoroaster.Holy book: Zend
Avesta, the teachings of ZoroasterSlide16
Trading Networks
SSWH1 d. Identify early trading networks and writing systems existent in the Eastern Mediterranean, including those of the Phoenicians. Slide17
Trade Network
Mesopotamian trade:
Foot (local)
Donkey (most common, long distance)
Gulf boat (from southern Mesopotamia to Gulf)
Raft (local river trade)
Coracle (up & down river)
River boat (down river trade; had to be towed back)
cartEgyptians traded primarily by way of the Nile River, but also using some overland trade along the Mediterranean coast.Slide18Slide19
Trade Networks
Egyptian trade:
cheapest and fastest way was by ship (river, canal, and sea coast)
departure and return journeys dictated by seasons due to sails
Overland caravan possible using horse and oxen
Trade went north and east through Sinai into Mesopotamia.Slide20
Trade Networks
Other civilizations of the Fertile Crescent and their trade contributions:
Aramaeans
Nomadic people who eventually settled along trade routes in Mesopotamia.
Largest center was Damascus, Syria
Came to dominate overland trade between Egypt and Mesopotamia
their language, Aramaic, became widespreadSlide21Slide22
Trade Networks
Phoenicians
They settled in Canaan (modern day Israel, Lebanon, and Jordan)
They began to sail the seas because they did not have good farmland for crops
Could plot voyages using the sun and stars.
reached southern Spain, Western Africa and maybe even the British Isles.
Controlled Mediterranean shipping and trade.
Created an alphabetic writing system and introduced bills of sale (receipts) and contracts.Slide23Slide24
Trade Routes
Lydians
Introduced a money system so that the barter system (trading goods for goods) was no longer needed.Slide25
Writing Systems
SSWH1 e. Explain the development and importance of writing; include cuneiform, hieroglyphics, and the Phoenician alphabet. Slide26
Cuneiform
dates to 3100 BC and was developed by the Sumerians
wedge-shaped markings on clay tablets
Over # symbols
Pictograms that eventually developed into symbols representing complex ideas.
scribes
studied at schools called
Eddubas
.Scribes rose to high position in societyproduced business records, listed historical dates and some literary works were written.Slide27
Cuneiform
Uses of Cuneiform
originally developed to keep accounts and trade documents.
business records
listed historical dates
some literary works
most famous literary work in cuneiform was Epic of Gilgamesh
Oldest story in the world: 1850 BC
It is based on an actual king in the city-state of Uruk.Slide28Slide29
Hieroglyphics
Egypt’s earliest writing system
picture symbols into slate.
Over 2000 symbols at its height
The picture symbols stood for objects, ideas and sounds
Also had a class of scribes to record things
No modern man understood hieroglyphics until AD 1799.
Jean-François Champollion deciphered the hieroglyphics using the Greek on the Rosetta Stone.Slide30
Hieroglyphics
Uses of
Hieroglphics
Original hieroglyphics was used for sacred writing, inscribing monuments and recording religious texts and rituals.
hieratic script was a cursive script used for sacred writing on papyrus
Demotic text used for administrative, legal and commercial texts
Best Known Example of Literature : The Book of the Dead
It contained more than 200 prayers and magic formulas
.Slide31
Hieroglypics
Horizontal
VerticalSlide32
Hieratic ScriptSlide33
Demotic EgyptianSlide34
Phoenician Alphabet
a series of symbols that represent sounds
It was developed around 1000 BC
It had 22 characters and each represented a consonant sound
the reader mentally supplied the vowels in the proper places
It later became the foundation of several alphabets including Greek, which in turn became the basis of all western alphabets including ours.
Because the alphabet was easy to learn the merchants no longer needed scribes to keep records.Slide35