I hate television I hate it as much as I hate peanuts But I cant stop eating peanuts Orson Welles New York Post 1956 Start the Presses Colonial Media Semiliterate society Biblical literacy ID: 590809
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Slide1
Unit 3.1: Why and How Does Media Work?
“I hate television. I hate it as much as I hate peanuts.
…
But I can’t stop eating peanuts.”
–Orson Welles (
New York Post
, 1956)Slide2
Start the Presses!
Colonial Media
Semi-literate society, Biblical literacy
Early emphasis on press freedom
Peter Zenger Trial
The Early RepublicPower of news to mobilize peopleNews run by and for political partiesTown and city papers1824 Election / Sun and the MoonInfancy of News MediaCivil War – need for mass mediaPower of the telegraph and photograph changes newsNational papers emergeThe Associated PressSlide3Slide4Slide5
Start the Presses!
Yellow Journalism
Newspaper chains make money for the first time
Sensationalism makes headlines and circulation
Reformists
muckrakersThe Spanish-American WarBirth of Mass MediaExplosion of radio, then film, then television 1920-1960. War correspondents, 1941-52Emergence of ‘The Big Three’Managing media lags in politicsWalter Lippman–Public Opinion
The Kennedy-Nixon Debates1980-2012 Information RevolutionSlide6Slide7
The Media Revolution: 1984-2009
Broadcast
vs
Print
vs
NewRegulated differentlyVery different relative powerVery different audiencesFrom Broadcast to CableDecline of the Big ThreeEffective monopoliesPrestige newsDeference to authorityGrowth of the affiliate system
Ted Turner and CNN1991 Gulf WarFounding of CSPANExpanding Cable News
Broadcast media is everything on television and TV-
alikes
, Print media covers both magazines and newspapers, whil
e New Media is specialized online outlets, like
Dkos
and
Freep
.
In the late 1980s through 2005, the big broadcast network’s (ABC, NBC, CBS) non-affiliate viewing declined hugely.
Ted Turner felt that the new cable world could support a 24-hour news channel – and idea that took off, even though CNN now struggles financially.Slide8
The Media Revolution: 1984-2009
Death of Print post-2000
Decline of The Ad Space Model
Readership slump
Advertisers find
other channelsWho Survived?Papers of RecordSpecialized-Audience PapersPay-Per-Click Solutions?New Media: Internet, Social, MobileInternet 1.0 vs Internet 2.0Extremely small audiences
Highly engagingCheap to maintainInherently social
As the late 1990s wore on, both national and local papers had fewer readers, so advertisers paid less for ad space on the pages, and onwards in a vicious spiral.
Extemely
highly acclaimed, visible and usually national papers – the
New York Times, Washington Post, and Los Angeles Times
are examples.
The provider-to-viewer internet was a very different beast than today’s internet, which is increasingly socially interactive and user-driven.Slide9
Modern Journalism
Investigative Journalism
Watergate scandal, 1976
Monica Lewinsky affair, 1997-8
“Top Secret America,” 2011
Beat JournalismLA Riots coverage, 1992Presidential Election, 1996VA General Assembly Session Coverage, 2011
One journalist on one stor
y with
long-term strategies, creative investigation, bribery, or bloody-mindedness to find deep level connections, scandals, hidden activities and so on.
Placing a reporter in an area of coverage long term rather than on one story, in order to make them an expert and get regular short content – updates, analysis, etc.Slide10
Modern Journalism
Syndicated Journalism
Reprinting of beat journalism
When media can’t afford a reporter on a beat.
Editorial Journalism
Little or no sourcing, investigation, or contextualization.Analysts or “hatchet jobs”?Talking HeadsIssue Classes ‘Fast & Furious’ scandal, 2012Mass AudienceJohn Edwards trial, 2012
Common way of presenting editorials and analysis, used to fill time because it is fairly uninteresting.
People in society who are politically active and interested in issues and details – a very small group.Slide11
Contemporary Media
Infotainment
‘The Daily Show’ / ‘Colbert’
‘The View’
‘Morning Joe’
NarrowcastingESPNFox Business NewsMTVSound-Biting‘Corporations are people’‘The private sector is doing fine’
CrowdsourcingSocial media and unpaid reporting from nonprofessionals.People like to feel involved.Market PressuresNews is expensive and low-revenue
The End of Journalism?
Media which combines or dilutes information with jokes, pop culture, or sensationalism to keep an audience.
Media carefull
y aimed at a very specific demographic and tailored to their tastes and biases.
The practice of reducing issues, speeches, and ideas to :20-50sec ‘sound bites’ for easier use in media.Slide12
Media as an Industry
Ownership Concentration
‘The Big Six’
Cross-platform ownership
Do owners have an agenda?
Eyeballs-On Model of RevenueMoney comes in due to viewership of ads, not programmingViewership is tied to the target of the advertiser in question.Increasing InterconnectivityMultiple coverage vectors – Sean Hannity radio show, cable news show, and internet site.
Since the late 1990s, a few large conglomerates increasingly own a more of the media outlets in print, broadcast, news, and entertainment.Slide13Slide14
Media Regulation
The F.C.C
Organized 1934
Issues licenses to stations
Establishes decency standards for broadcasters (not cable!)
Reorganized 1996, still looseLibel, SlanderUS laws are very, very openVirtually no slander protectionFairness DoctrineEliminated in 1987‘Response rule’ remained until 2000.Equal Time
Stations must offer equal time to all candidates in non-news broadcasts.Stations must give candidates the cheapest possible advertising rates.
The Federal Communications Commission, a board whose members are appointed by the President and approved by Congress, with broad authority to make media rules.
Libel is a deliberate mistruth in print or media, while slander is face-to-face or spoken mistruth or slant intended to defame a person
FCC regulation in effect from the 1950s to 1980s to supplement its “public good doctrine,” forcing broadcasters to give balanced perspectives
on controversies.Slide15Slide16
Media Regulation: Supreme Court
Red Lion Broadcasting
vs
FCC
Question: Did Fairness Doctrine violate the 1
st Amendment protection of Red Lion Radio?Answer: No, radio stations get their license from the government and so agree to regulation in return for limited competition and airwave access.Miami Herald v TornilloQuestion: Did Fairness Doctrine violate the 1st Amendment protection of the Miami Herald?Answer: Yes, anyone can publish a paper, and so it is unregulated free expression.
Comcast vs FCCQuestion: Does the FCC have authority to make internet providers allow traffic?Answer: No, the FCC has no direct power to compel internet providers.Slide17
Photo CreditsBackground Adapted from:
http://www.autoracing1.com/Images/2004/CART/Monterey/IMG_1814.jpgSlides:http://www.courts.state.ny.us/history/images/zenger_tryal_illustration.jpg
http://www.apimages.com/search.aspx?st=shwc&xslt=scssr&id=414909
http://images.suite101.com/3366583_com_yellow_journalism_loc_.jpg
http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2012/05/01/article-2137695-12D9DA07000005DC-38_968x617.jpg
http://justanotherworthlessblog.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/network-logos.png?w=280&h=276http://indicatemedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/0805wileycartoon.jpghttp://training.weinformers.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/new-media-websites.jpghttp://nbeda.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/woo1-0031.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Clinton_inauguration_1993_-_campaign_bus.jpghttp://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/president-7.jpghttp://www.pophistorydig.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/1950s-nixon-checkers-65.jpghttp://www.nzhistory.net.nz/files/images/vietnam-protest-march.jpg
http://newspaper.li/static/41ab2f64ddcfe76b5a12f724224ab81d.jpghttp://www.modestoradiomuseum.org/images/A-UPI-SEAL.jpghttp://www.bilerico.com/2010/07/tv-talking-heads.jpghttp://www.examiner.com/images/blog/EXID23316/images/WikiLeaks(1).jpg
http://gallery.grbrewer.com/albums/admin/TV%20Shows/The%20Daily%20Show/the-daily-show.jpg
http://cache.gawker.com/assets/stills/DennisKnealeCNBC_gawker.flv.jpg
http://amitwerber.com/files/gimgs/50_ww01finalfile080811ssck.png
http://www.mathewbrowne.com/images/thesun.jpg
http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/business/2009/06/fcc-logosvg1.png
http://www.schulerbooks.com/files/schulers/Sean_Hannity_web_2_2_.jpg
http://chattahbox.com/images/2011/03/sean_hannity_official_photo-300x207.jpg
http://www.greenberg-art.com/.Toons/.Toons,%20Media/qqxsgMediaOwnership.gif