Introductions General Principles Why have Law of Armed Conflict The Components of LOAC Jus Ad Bellum Principles in 6 parts Todays LOAC Onward to Jus in Bello Todays Class International Law governs the conduct of STATES ID: 540700
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "The Law of Armed Conflict" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
The Law of Armed ConflictSlide2
Introductions
General PrinciplesWhy have Law of Armed ConflictThe Components of LOACJus Ad Bellum Principles - in 6 partsToday’s LOACOnward to Jus in Bello
Today’s ClassSlide3
International Law governs the conduct of STATES
International Law is set byTreaties (subject to reservations and understandings)CustomGeneral Principles
General Principles.Slide4
Article 2(4) of the UN Charter:
“All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security and justice are not endangered.”So…what about War and Genocide? Why is ours a history of constant failure to stop conflicts? The answer is that the UN is a club of states, and the rules were primarily set-up to preserve state sovereignty, so it is HARD to get members of the club to take action for actions some
have already
committed (or intend to commit in the future),
and that few may see as a
lying in their strategic interest.
An End to War?Slide5
Conflict Centered Rules
Sources:The Hague Tradition (means of war)The Geneva Tradition (victims of war)Principles (treaty commentaries, military publications, etc.)
What is LOAC?Slide6
The School of thought that says ALWAYS:
Pacificism + Absolutism: Certain moral precepts cannot be abandoned.Examples provided: Ghandi, MLK Jr.But, does call 9-1-1 on 9/11 work?
Is War Wrong?Slide7
For Consideration
The 3rd Reich had a policy that untermenschen were not deserving of free life. At its most extreme, one concentration camp doctor used to kill and then boil the skulls of inmates with good dental work. He then handed-out the skulls as paperweights. How does one reason with pure evil of this nature?Slide8
Is War Wrong?
The School of Thought that says – Wrong QuestionMilitarism: War is not inherently bad + can be a beneficial aspect of society.“Realism” - “All is fair in love and war.” States should act on state interest. Moral concepts such as justice cannot be applied to the conduct of international affairs + moral concepts should never prescribe, nor circumscribe, a state's behavior. A state should place an emphasis on state security and self-interest.
Consequentialism
- The moral theory most frequently summarized in the words "the end justifies the means," which tends to support the just war theory only until less beneficial means become necessary
Slide9
For Consideration
German civilians often took poison rather than face Soviet occupation. This certainly cleared the streets and made the Soviet advance easier in some ways. It also may show that the Germans were being “trained” to never fight the Soviets again. However, what are the moral consequences of such a reign of terror, no matter how “deserved?”Is this policy even useful given that it also caused increased “to the last man” resistance by the armed forces?Slide10
US
DoD Policy says it is still valuable:To integrate humanity into warAs both a tactical and strategic combat multiplierCan we think of examples?Can we think of other reasons?
What if LOAC is 1 Sided?
What Value Then?Slide11
May motivate enemy to observe the rules
May motivate enemy to surrenderInternational OpinionHelps restore peace – remember, war is not the end, it is the intermediate step to a just peace.
Why Subscribe to LOAC?Slide12
Protects our society’s character
Makes it easier for our soldiers to fight, and then easier for our soldiers to recoverNecessary for our civilian population to support warProvides advance notice of consequences of conflictReduces confusion and makes right/wrong conduct easier
Why Subscribe to LOAC - II?Slide13
Step 1: - Just War for Self-Preservation:
Aristotle: 1) To prevent becoming enslaved2) Establish leadership in the interests of the le 3) To enable men “to become masters over those who naturally deserved to be enslaved”
Just War Period
335 B.C. – 1800 A.D.Slide14
Step 2: - Just War from Divine Justification:
At first, no fighting allowedOnce Christianity became the religion of leaders, altered to allow self defensee.g. Defense of the Holy Roman Empire from the VandalsJust War Period
335 B.C. – 1800 A.D.Slide15
Step 3: - Juristic Model:
Transition from apologetic model of Thomas Aquinas to juristic model based on the benefits of inter-state relationsJust War Period
335 B.C. – 1800 A.D.Slide16
Just Cause
Competent AuthorityRight IntentionProbability of SuccessLast ResortMacro ProportionalityJus Ad Bellum PrinciplesSlide17
Era of
RealpolitikClausewitz: War is a continuation of politics by other meansPrinciple: Since each state is sovereign, there is no moral prohibition.Each state has a legal and recognized right to wage war. Increased focus on Jus In Bello
War as Fact Period
A.D. 1800 – 1918Slide18
Increasing focus on the idea that aggressive war must be outlawed:
- League of Nations- Kellog-Briand – The Treaty for the Renunciation of War (remains in force today)Also, trauma of WWI led to increased focus on the means of waging war.
Jus Contra Bellum
A.D. 1918-1949Slide19
The idea of universality of obligations
UN Charter Early Charter Period – pure self defense Contemporary – Expanded right?The 4 GC’s: Customary Int. law (all are signatories) – less a contract and more a declaration of universal principles
Post WWII
A.D. 1949-PresentSlide20
The Three Components of Just War Doctrine
Jus Ad BellumJus In BelloJus Post BellumSlide21
Just Cause
Competent AuthorityRight IntentionProbability of SuccessLast ResortMacro ProportionalityJus Ad BellumSlide22
Distinction
Micro - ProportionalityMilitary NecessityFair Treatment of POW’sMeans Malum in Se
Jus in BelloSlide23
Just Cause for Termination
Right IntentionPublic Declaration and AuthorityDiscriminationProportionalityJus Post BellumSlide24
Who Decides?
Hindsight or Foresight?Are these yes/no issues?Does Context Matter?What is the value of these criteria?By What Standard?Slide25
Just Cause
Comparative JusticeCompetent AuthorityRight IntentionProbability of SuccessLast ResortProportionalityJus Ad BellumSlide26
The damage inflicted by the aggressor on the nation or community of nations must be lasting, grave, and certain;
“Pure” self defense (invasion)Non-intrusive defense (attacked)Retaliatory AttackAnticipatory Defense? Collective Self Defense (to aid another who was attacked)“Pure” Collective Intervention (to evict a foreign power who is invading)Just Cause (1st
of 6)Slide27Slide28Slide29Slide30
UN Charter Authorizes TWO bases:
Chapter VII Enforcement ActionsSelf Defense – Article 51IndividualCollective& compliance w/ domestic laws
Just Cause Today:Slide31
Last Resort (2 of 6)
All other means of putting an end to it must have been shown to be impractical or ineffective;Discussion cases:Iraq-Kuwait?Bosnia?Rwanda?
Iraq II?Slide32
A war is just only if it is waged by a legitimate authority. Even just causes cannot be served by actions taken by individuals or groups who do not constitute an authority sanctioned by whatever the society and outsiders to the society deem legitimate.
Proper Authority (3 of 6)Slide33
The ultimate goal of a just war is to re-establish peace. More specifically, the peace established after the war must be preferable to the peace that would have prevailed if the war had not been fought
A state must only pursue a war under the conditions agreed upon in the above criteria. Revenge is not permitted. The state must also be willing to apply the same level of objectivity and investigation into any war crimes its armed forces may have committed.Right Intention(4 of 6)Slide34
A war can only be just if it is fought with a reasonable chance of success.
Deaths and injury incurred in a hopeless cause are not morally justifiable.Likelihood of Success (5 of 6)Slide35
The violence used in the war must be proportional to the injury suffered. States are prohibited from using force not necessary to attain the limited objective of addressing the injury suffered.
Q: Does this control only actions vis-à-vis the other, or towards one’s own population as well?Proportionality to Means (6 of 6)Slide36
So, Where Does that Leave Us?
So What about Cyber – War?Closing the Straights of Hormuz?Drone Surveillance?Espionage?
Killing of Iranian Scientists?
Killing of Drone maintenance crews?Slide37
U.S. v Plenty HorsesSlide38
U.S. v.
Wirtz (Andersonville)Slide39
U.S. v B.G. SmithSlide40
Son
Thang + Private SchwarzSlide41
Major Edwin Glenn
+ Waterboarding