The Ottoman Empire - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

The Ottoman EmpireSlide2

Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean

1. The

Ottoman Empire

a. This

empire was founded around

1300

b. Extended Islamic conquests into eastern Europe

c. Was

more similar to monarchs in France and Spain than Islamic CaliphatesSlide3

Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean

2

.

Expansion and Frontiers

a.

Three factors for major growth

i

. The

shrewdness of its founded

Osmam

and his descendants

ii. Control

of a strategic link between Europe and Asia at Gallipoli on the Dardanelles strait

iii. The

creation of an army that took advantage of the traditional skills of the Turkish cavalryman and the new military possibilities presented by gunpowderSlide4

Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean

b. At

first, Ottoman armies concentrated on Christian enemies in Greece and the Balkans

c. They

then wanted to capture the Byzantine capital of Constantinople

i

. In

1453, the city was captured thanks to new gunpowder technology

ii. Constantinople

then became

IstanbulSlide5

Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean

d

. Suleiman

the Magnificent

i

. Ruled

during the “golden age” of Ottoman imperial power

ii. Conquered

many European cities

iii. Unable to conquer Vienna due to the weatherSlide6

Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean

e. Between

1453 and 1502, the Ottomans fought the opening rounds of a two-century war with Venice in Italy

i

. The

Ottomans wanted power over of valuable trade routes that the Italians controlled

ii. Venice

forced to pay tribute to the Ottomans but remained a sea empire

f. Tried

to stop the spread of Portuguese trade in the Middle East by limiting their influence to the coastal cities Slide7

Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean

3. Central

Institutions

a. Army

consisted of lightly armored mounted warriors skilled at shooting a short bow

b. Christian

prisoners of war were forced to serve as military slavesSlide8

Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean

i

. These

troops converted to Islam and were called Janissaries

ii. This

practice was not necessarily legal according to Islamic law

iii. These

soldiers had no problems fighting Turks and Muslims in Western AsiaSlide9

Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean

iv

. Did

not have the same horse/bow background, fought on foot and with guns

v. These

Janissaries were barred from marriage or holding other jobsSlide10

Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean

c. In

the early 15

th

century, the selection process for Janissary training changed and the new system was called

devshirme

(selection)

i

. This meant that children were taken from Christian villages and placed in Turkish homes to learn their languageii. They were then sent to Istanbul to be trained in Islam, warfare, etc.

iii. This

system produced many military commanders and heads of government departmentsSlide11

Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean

d. The

Ottoman Empire was the most powerful and best-organized state in either Europe or the Islamic world during the rule of Suleiman the Magnificent

e. The

Ottoman conception of the world saw the sultan providing justice for his “flock of sheep” (

raya

) and the military protecting them

f. In

return, the

raya paid the taxes that supported both the sultan and the militarySlide12

Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean

D. Crisis

of the Military State (1585-1650)

i

. More

emphasis placed on Janissary corps and guns, less on the Turkish cavalry, leading to the need to collect more money to pay for these guns

ii. An

influx of silver from the new world further weakened the position of the land-owning cavalry soldiersSlide13

Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean

iii. Between

1590 and 1610 there were revolts by former land-holding cavalrymen, short-term soldiers released and out of work, peasants overburdened with emergency taxes, and even impoverished students of religion

iv. Janissaries

took advantage of the situation to gain the ability to participate in business and marrySlide14

Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean

5. Economic

Change and Growing Weakness (1650-1750)

a. After

this time of crisis, the Ottoman Empire was very different

i

. The

sultan mostly resided in his palace and had little experience of the real world

ii. Janissaries

corps membership was now hereditaryiii. Land

grants in return for military service also disappeared

b. Ottoman

military continued to decline

Janissaries

sometimes resorted to hiring substitutes to go on campaignSlide15

Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean

c. The

Ottoman Empire lacked both the wealth and inclination to match European economic advances

d. The

Tulip Period

lasted from 1718 to 1730 and was so named because of the craze for high priced tulip bulbs that swept Ottoman ruling circles

i

. The

Ottomans did not see Europeans as a threat to their power and actually borrowed their furniture and clothing styles