Genocide, War Crimes and Crimes against humanity - PowerPoint Presentation

1. Genocide, War Crimes and Crimes against humanityPresented by STUDENT NAME

2. Table of Contents1. Introduction 1.1 Define the terms: a) Genocide, b)War Crimes and c) Crimes Against Humanity2. United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG) 2.1 Weaknesses and Challenges3. Case Study: South Sudan 3.1 Country profile 3.2 Causes of conflict 3.3 Challenges & Solutions4. ConclusionReferences

3. 1. Introduction 1.1 Define the terms:GenocideFirst used by Raphael Lemkin, a Jewish lawyer, in 1944Genos (race, tribe) and cide (killing)Definition of genocide as contained in Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide :“Genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy in whole or in part, a national, ethnical racial or religious group, as such:Killing members of the group;Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group;Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.”

4. 1. IntroductionWar Crimes“Violations of international humanitarian law (treaty or customary law) that incur individual criminal responsibility under international law” (Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court); such as: wilful killing, torture or inhuman treatment, intentionally directing attacks against civilians, etc.Crimes Against Humanity“Acts when committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population” (Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court)such as murder, extermination, torture, etc.

5. 2. United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG)Approved in 1948 by the United Nations, entered into force in January 1951.Ratified by 149 countries (as of January 2018)

6. Prevent Punish East Pakistan (1971) -- -- Burundi (1972) -- -- Cambodia (1975-1979) -- -- Nigeria (1967-1970) -- -- Guatemala (1981-1983) -- -- Iraq (1987-1989) -- +/-- Bosnia I (1992-1994) +/-- + Bosnia II (1994-1995) + + Rwanda (1994) -- + Sudan (2003-2007*) -- * Table One: Genocide and the International Response2. United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG)+ the Genocide was stopped with the use of force-- the Convention has been ignored or ineffectively used +/- the response has been mixed;*the genocide is still occurring 2.1 Weaknesses and ChallengesSource: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=political_science_theses

7. 2.1 Weaknesses and ChallengesUN Security Council: Opposite opinionsCountries’ willingness to interveneLack of enforcement mechanismsPreventive action needs to be improved2. United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG)

8. 3. Case Study: South Sudan3.1 Country profileGenocide, ethnic cleansing happening in South Sudan since the civil war broke outin 201350,000 people have been killed2.3 million people have been displacedFamine was declared in February 2017 (FAO)May 2017: President Kiir announces unilateral ceasefire and launches a national dialogue

9. 3. Case Study: South Sudan3.2 Causes of conflict2011: Gained Independence from mostly Muslim SudanContains more than 60 ethnic groups. Two largest groups: Dinka vs. NuerUS and international community withdrew after independence.Tensions intensify: Riek Machar heavily criticizes Salva Kiir’s government policies2013: Civil war breaks outHate speech encourages violence against civilians Political conflict turns into ethnic conflict

10. 3. Case Study: South Sudan3.3 Challenges & SolutionsCompetition for resourcesIntervention of neighbouring countries (Sudan, Uganda)Flow of weapons into the region, from Chinese national weapons manufacturer NORINCOUN is asking for immediate intervention, but no sign of cooperationUS imposes an unilateral arms embargo: more symbolic than usefulUS is pushing for a UN arms embargo unlikely to pass UN Security CouncilCurrent peace talks between Salva Kiir and Riek Machar finally an end to the civil war

11. 4. ConclusionCPPCG still needs improvement for more effectivenessIgnorance and unwillingness to intervene extend conflictsIntervention of the international community is slow or ineffective

12. Any questions or comments?Thank you for listening!

13. Referenceshttp://endgenocide.org/learn/what-is-genocide/http://www.preventgenocide.org/law/convention/text.htmhttps://www.britannica.com/topic/genocide#ref283848https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=political_science_theseshttps://www.vox.com/world/2016/12/8/13817072/south-sudan-crisis-explained-ethnic-cleansing-genocidehttp://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/war-crimes.htmlhttps://paanluelwel.com/2017/04/23/the-politics-of-genocide-and-the-failure-to-protect-human-rights-in-south-sudan/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2016/12/10/the-chaos-in-south-sudan-keeps-getting-worsehttp://www.fao.org/emergencies/countries/detail/en/c/147627https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14019202https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/02/time-ripe-un-arms-embargo-south-sudanhttps://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2018/06/22/world/africa/ap-af-south-sudan-civil-war.htmlhttps://www.washingtonpost.com/national/south-sudans-rival-leaders-set-to-meet-again-in-sudan/2018/06/25/8ac7c2de-7859-11e8-ac4e-421ef7165923_story.html?utm_term=.02d90b776382