Drug MakeUp Most Common Intake Methods Effects Duration of Effects Withdrawal Symptoms Cigarettes Tobacco nicotine Smoke ingest chew tobacco Calming soothing dizzying alertness ID: 276798
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Slide1
After the initial and severe withdrawal symptoms, there is the second phase of withdrawal that lasts for 1+ months. All second phase withdrawals include depression as a symptom.Slide2
Drug
Make-Up
Most Common Intake
Methods
Effects
Duration of Effects
Withdrawal Symptoms
Cigarettes
Tobacco;
nicotine
Smoke
; ingest (chew tobacco)
Calming, soothing, dizzying, alertness
Duration
of cigarette
3-7 days:
irritability, insomnia, headaches
PCP
Chemicals made to use paint, motor oil, and
ammonia, also contains cyanide
Insufflate;
s
moke (liquid)
Dissociation, euphoria, hallucinations
6 hours
Weeks: seizures,
irritability, hallucination,
acidosis, and muscle breakdown. Months:
memory loss
Marijuana
Cannabis
Smoke; ingest
(edibles)
Relaxation, euphoria,
impaired motor skills and
short-term memory
2-3 hours
3-7 days:
irritability, insomnia, headachesSlide3
Drug
Make-Up
Intake
Method
Effects
Duration of Effects
Withdrawal Symptoms
Methamphetamine
Ephedrine, lithium,
neurotoxins
Inject;
snort; smoke
Increased sexual desire, euphoria, energy
2-6 hours
1
st
day: vomiting, severe flu-like symptoms
3-4 weeks: inactivity, sleepiness, anxiety
LSD
fungus
Orally (blotter paper, sugar cube)
Hallucination,
synesthesia, anxiety, paranoia
6-8 hours
N/A
Alcohol
Ethanol
Ingest
Drowsy, calms, disinhibits. Impairs coordination, reasoning, speech, reaction time
1+
hours after drinking
Few
days to few weeks: tremors, seizures, hallucination, irritabilitySlide4
Drug
Make-Up
Intake
Method
Effects
Duration of Effects
Withdrawal Symptoms
MDMA (Ecstasy/E/Molly)
Safrole
or camphor oil
(
both c
arcinogens)
Ingest;
snort
Sense
of intimacy and euphoria, reduces anxiety, distorts perception
3-6 hours
1-3 Days:
panic attacks, insomnia, anxiety, depression, irritability, psychosis, paranoid delusions
Cocaine
Coca
Insufflate; smoke
(crack);
inject
euphoria,
alertness, restlessness
,
a
nxiety, paranoia,
tremors
High:
7 seconds
Weeks: irritability, restlessness,
anhedonia,
vivid and unpleasant dreams
Heroin
Opium
Inject; smoke; insufflate;
suppository
Euphoria,
calm, alternately alert and drowsy
2-8 hours
anxiety,
insomnia,
severe flu-like symptoms, vomiting, spasms, and
potentially deathSlide5
DrugsSlide6
Our brain is protected by a layer of capillaries called the
blood-brain barrier
.
The drugs that are small enough to pass through are called psychoactive drugs.Slide7
The faster a drug gets to the brain, the more addicting it is.
Smoking
is faster than insufflation, injecting, ingesting, and rectal admin.Slide8
Opiates
Has depressive and hallucinogenic qualities.
Agonist for endorphins.
Derived from poppy plant.
Morphine, heroin, methadone and codeine.
All these drugs cross the placental barrier….
teratogens
.Slide9
Agonists vs. Antagonists
Agonist-a chemical that
fully activates the neuronal receptor that it attaches
to
to
produce a biological response
Cocaine
Antagonist-a chemical that attaches to a receptor but does not activate it
and blocks, or reverses, an agonistAgonist-Antagonist-Does both. OpiatesSlide10
Drugs are….
Agonists:
Mimic
Reuptake inhibitors
Antagonist
s
:
Blocks
Reuptake inhibitors
Agonist-Antagonists
:
Does Both
Opioids like
Suboxone
(synthetic opiates that are used to help heroin addicts wean off)Slide11
Agonists
Acetylcholine-Excitatory-Nicotine and black widow venom
Dopamine-Inhibitory-Cocaine and nicotine
Endorphins-Inhibitory-Opiates
GABA-Inhibitory-Valium, barbiturates, and sleeping pills
Glutamate-Antihistamines
Serotonin-Inhibitory-LSD and ecstasy
Norepinephrine-Excitatory-Caffeine, cocaine, and amphetaminesSlide12
Antagonists
Acetylcholine-Pesticides and nerve gas
Dopamine-Haloperidol (used to treat cocaine or meth overdose), Antipsychotics (e.g., Seroquel), anti-anxiety and antidepressants.
Endorphins-Naloxone (used to treat overdose from opiates)
GABA-Antihistamines and drugs used to treat depressant overdose
Glutamate-Alcohol
Serotonin-SSRIs (e.g., sertraline, fluoxetine), antipsychotics, anti-anxiety
and
antidepressants
.
Norepinephrine-Lithium and other mood-stabilizers, antidepressants (e.g., Mirtazapine Slide13
Drug Tolerance
Tolerance
Decrease in effect of a drug with repeated use
…
R
eduction
, or
neuroadaptation
, in the body’s response to a drug
After repeated
exposure, more
drug is needed
to produce
same effect
Drug dose
Drug
effect
Response to
first exposureSlide14
Physical & Psychological Dependence
Physical Dependence
:
Addiction based on drug tolerance and withdrawal symptoms,
develops when changes in brain chemistry from taking the drug necessitate taking the drug again to prevent withdrawal symptoms
.
Drug Tolerance: Reduction in body’s response to a drug
Withdrawal
Symptoms: Physical illness following withdrawal of the drug
Psychological Dependence:
Drug dependence based on
psychological or emotional needs;
develops when the person has an intense desire to achieve the drugged state in spite of adverse effects
.Slide15
Caffeine
Causes
hand tremors, sweating, talkativeness, tinnitus, suppresses fatigue
or sleepiness, increases alertness
Increases risk of breast
cysts, bladder cancer, heart problems, and high blood pressure.
In pregnant women, increases risk
of having a child with birth defects or having a miscarriage.
Withdrawal
: Insomnia, irritability, loss of appetite, chills, racing heart, elevated body temperature Slide16
Opiates
Heroin and
morphine
Oxycodone and hydrocodone
Addition comes fast and the withdrawal
symptoms can be fatalSlide17
Stimulants
Speed up body processes.
More powerful ones (like cocaine) give people feelings of invincibility.Slide18
Depressants
Tranquilizers/Benzodiazepines
: Lower anxiety &
tension; sedates; prolonged or excessive use impairs memory
Valium (Diazepam), Xanax (Alprazolam), Halcion (
Triazolam
),
Klonopin
(Clonazepam)
GHB
:
depressant that relaxes and sedates; combination of degreasing solvent and drain
cleaner
Alcohol
:
NOT a stimulant but
DOES lower inhibitions
Depressant-impacts glutamate, serotonin and dopamine
Binge Drinking: Five or more drinks in a short time; Serious sign of alcohol abuseSlide19
Health Risks of Using Marijuana:
Causes precancerous changes in lung cells.
Suppresses immune system, perhaps increasing risk of disease.
Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than normal in pot users.
C
an damage some of the brain’s memory centers.
Temporarily lowers sperm count
Hallucinogens
Psychedelics
Causes changes in perceptions of reality
LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms and marijuana.
Reverse tolerance
or synergistic effectSlide20
Hallucinogens
Psychedelics
Causes changes in perceptions of reality
LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms and marijuana.
Reverse tolerance
or synergistic effect
Health Risks of Using Marijuana:
Causes precancerous changes in lung cells.
Suppresses immune system, perhaps increasing risk of disease.
Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than normal in pot users.
Pot may damage some of the brain’s memory centers.
Temporarily lowers sperm countSlide21
Dawn Farm Education Series Oct 25, 2007
21
Fetal
Alcohol
SyndromeSlide22
Alcohol
More than 86 billion dollars are spent annually on alcoholic beverages.
Alcohol is involved in
60%
of ALL crimes.
Alcohol is involved in over 70% of sexually related crimes.
DepressantsSlide23
Some Health Risks of Using Marijuana
Causes precancerous changes in lung cells.
Suppresses
immune system, perhaps increasing risk of disease.
Activity levels in the cerebellum are lower than normal in pot users.
Pot may damage some of the brain’s memory centers.
Temporarily lowers sperm countSlide24
Cocaine
Cocaine achieves its effect through the chemical
messengers
d
opamine
and noradrenaline
.
Processed into crack—less pure “cut” or “stepped on”Slide25
MethSlide26
Treatment for Alcohol Abuse and Dependence
Detoxification
:
Withdrawal of the person from alcohol; occurs in a medical setting and is tightly controlled; often necessary before long-term treatment begins
Alcoholics
Anonymous
(AA): Worldwide self-help organization composed of recovering alcoholics; emphasizes admitting powerlessness over alcohol usage and wanting to recover
.
Narcotics
Anonymous
(NA
): Worldwide self-help organization composed of recovering
drug addicts;
emphasizes admitting powerlessness over
drugs
usage and wanting to recover.