LCA approach Indroneil Ganguly Asst Professor Research University of Washington Seattle Presentation Overview Background Being Green What is LCA Importance of LCA in the project Results ID: 813344
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Slide1
Environmental Implications of Bio-Jet:LCA approach
Indroneil Ganguly
Asst. Professor (Research)
University of Washington
,
Seattle
Slide2Presentation OverviewBackgroundBeing GreenWhat is LCA
Importance of LCA in the project
Results
of Bio-Jet LCA
Some
scenarios on the feedstock aspect
Overall LCA of Bio-jet Fuel
Comparing Bio-jet of Fossil based Jet-fuel
Slide3What does it mean to be Green
?
?
How do we measure it??
What is Sustainability??
Slide4Sustainability
United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (1987)
Sustainable Development definition:
“
… development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
”
Biodegradable
Recyclable
Ozone friendly
Eco-design
Greenwashing
Slide5We all know that being Green is Trendy
. . . .
.
.
What is the science of being green?Industry is looking for ways to green their products and manufacturing processes.Individuals and Families are looking to green their homes and lifestyles.How can you tell if something really is green??What is currently happening to achieve this goal?
Slide6Definition:
Life Cycle Assessment
“
Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle
”This establishes an environmental profile of the system!
ISO = International Organization for Standardization
Ensures that an LCA is completed
in a certain way.
WHAT CAN BE DONE
WITH LCA?
Product or project development and improvement
Strategic planning
Public policy making
Marketing and eco-declarations
Slide77
CO
2
SUN
O
2
CO
2
Air Emissions
SUN
O
2
Water & Land Removals and Emissions
Management & Harvest
Production
Soil Carbon
Extraction
Urban and suburban wastes*
* municipal solid wastes (MSW), lawn wastes, wastewater treatment sludge, urban wood wastes, disaster debris, trap grease, yellow grease, waste cooking oil, etc.
Life Cycle Assessment of Bio- Jet Fuel
Slide8Life Cycle Assessment of Bio- Jet Fuel
CO
2
SUN
O
2
CO
2
Air Emissions
SUN
O
2
Water & Land Removals and Emissions
Management & Harvest
Production
Soil Carbon
Extraction
Slide9Life Cycle Assessment of Bio- Jet Fuel
System Boundary
CO
2
SUN
O
2
CO
2
Air Emissions
SUN
O
2
Water & Land Removals and Emissions
Management & Harvest
Production
Soil Carbon
Extraction
Slide1010
Life Cycle Assessment of Bio- Jet Fuel
System Boundary
CO
2
SUN
O
2
CO
2
Air Emissions
SUN
O
2
Water & Land Removals and Emissions
Management & Harvest
Production
Soil Carbon
Extraction
Slide1111
Life Cycle Assessment of Bio- Jet Fuel
System Boundary
CO
2
SUN
O
2
CO
2
Air Emissions
SUN
O
2
Water & Land Removals and Emissions
Management & Harvest
Production
Soil Carbon
Extraction
Slide12Bio-Fuels necessary to move the United States toward greater energy independence and securityLCA is required for public procurement
Suggested Greenhouse Gas Reduction Criterion
Subtitle
A—Renewable Fuel Standard
‘‘(E) CELLULOSIC BIOFUEL –to be considered acceptable has to be “at least 60 percent less than the baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions”.12US Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007
H.R.6:
(Enrolled as Agreed to or Passed by Both House and Senate),
PROCUREMENT AND ACQUISITION OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS.
(Source:
http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-110hr6enr/pdf/BILLS-110hr6enr.pdf
)
Slide13Relevant Characteristics of Forest Biomass
Difficulty handling
and economic viability issues
Low bulk density
Varying sizes and shapes of woody biomassInconsistent mix of multiple speciesVarious handling complications in cases of Salvage of mountain pine beetle killed treesStage of beetle attack at the time of harvest is criticalPost fire salvage operations (can we use it for Bio-fuel?)
Slide14Biomass Handling Methods:
in woods
Grinding:
Chipping:
Bundling: Source
: Han-Sup Han et al.
2012
Slide15Biomass recovery and production systems
Slash recovery operation
Dump truck slash shuttle & centralized grinding
Roll-off/Hook-lift
truck slash shuttle &
centralized
grinding
Bundling slash & Centralized grinding
Grinding on site & Hog fuel shuttle
Pile-to-pile on site grinding
Whole tree chipping
Medium
Chipper –
Small/large trees
Large Chipper – Small/large trees
Integrated harvesting
Chipping (whole tree) & Grinding (slash)
Grinding
only (slash & whole tree)
Source: Han-Sup Han et al. 2012
Slide16Example: System Boundary for
LCA of Forest Thinning
Slide17Equivalency factors used (equivalent mass/mass emitted)
17
Impacts Considered
CH
4
CO
CO
2
N
2
O
NMVOC
NO
x
PM
SO
x
Contribution to Climate Change (CO
2 equivalents) 21 0 1
310 0 0 0 0
Contribution to Acidification (H+ equivalents) 0 0 0 0 0
40 0 50.8 Contribution to photochemical smog (NOx equivalents) 0.0030 0.013
0
0
0.78 1
0
0
Slide18Impact category
Impact category
Media
Ozone depletion
Air
Global climate
Air
Acidification Air
Air
Eutrophication
Air, water
Smog formation Air
Air
Human health criteria Air
Air
Human health cancer
Urban air, nonurban air, freshwater, seawater, natural soil, agricultural soil
Human health
noncancer
Ecotoxicity Urban 18
Source: TRACI 2.0
Slide19Overview of Bio-Jet fuel LCA
Slide20Overall Scope for LCA of woody biomass to bio-jet fuel
Slide21Scenarios developed for recovery of landing residueBenchmark scenario:
Harvest standing forest using a Feller-
buncher
Take harvest to primary landing using a track-skidderShuttle Loose Residue from Primary Landing to secondary using a dump truck (30 CY capacity)Chip at the secondary landing and haul to biomass processing facility using a chip van (140 CY capacity)Transportation Scenario:Spur Road1 ½ lane
Gravel
Highway
InterstateTotal
Avg.
miles/
hr
6
20
29
55
62
One way haul miles2.55102037.575
Developed by:
CORRIM
1st Alternate Scenario:A larger Roll-off container (50 CY capacity) can access the primary landing for shuttling the loose residue to secondary landing for chipping.Everything else remains constant
Slide22Slide23Alternate distance scenariosSecond series of scenarios (Total distance stays constant; spur road distance increases):
All other factors same as baseline case
Third series of scenarios:
(Interstate road distance increases)All other factors same as baseline case
Spur Road (miles)
1 ½ lane (miles)
Gravel (miles)
Highway (miles)
Interstate (miles)
Total (miles)
Alternate Scenario 2
3.5
5
10
20
36.5
75
Alternate Scenario 3
5
510203575Spur Road (miles)1 ½ lane (miles)Gravel (miles)Highway (miles)Interstate (miles)Total (miles)Alternate Scenario 42.55102062.5100
Alternate Scenario 5
2.55102082.5120
Slide24Alternate distance scenarios (baseline, 2 and 3)
Slide25Alternate distance scenarios (baseline, 4 and 5)
Slide26Consequential LCA
System Impact
Avoided Impact
Total Impact
Global Warming
kg CO2
eq
65.71
-65.7
0.006
Smog
kg O3
eq
28.8
-89.5
-60.7
Acidification Air
mol
H+
eq
52-176-124Ozone Depletionkg CFC-11 eq2.71E-09-3.26E-102.38E-09
Respiratory Effects
kg PM10 eq0-11.1-11.1Environmental Impacts of Residual Extraction and Avoided Impacts of Slash Pile Burning
Slide27Complete Forest to IPK Process: Environmental Performance of 1 kg of IPK
Impact Category
Unit
Total
Contribution from Feedstock process
Contribution from Pretreatment and GEVO process
Global warming potential (GWP)
kg CO2 eq.
1.304708
4.38848E-05
1.304664
Acidification Potential
H+ moles eq.
-0.83518
-0.85198225
0.016798
Eutrophication Potential
kg N eq.
0.004714
-0.000699414
0.005413Ozone depletion Potentialkg CFC-11 eq.6E-081.63197E-116.00E-08
Smog Potential
kg O3 eq.-0.27772-0.41621990.138496Respiratory Effectskg PM10 eq.-0.07464-0.0754270.00079Preliminary findings – do not publish or cite
Slide28Crude Oil Extraction
Crude Oil Transportation
Refinery: Jet Fuel Production
Jet Fuel Transportation
Jet Fuel
Combustion
Aviation Productivity
Co-Products
Emissions to Air, Water and Land
Emissions: CO
2
, PM,
No
x
, So
x
, H
2
0
Fossil Jet Fuel
Co-Products
Soil Carbon
Bio-Jet Fuel Transportation
Bio-Jet Fuel
Combustion
Co-Products
Greenhouse & Land Prep.
Forest Stand
Harvest Operations
Prep. & Transport Biomass
Pre-treatment and Bio-jet conversion
Emissions to Air, Water and Land
CO
2
, PM,
No
x
, So
x
, H
2
0
CO
2
CO
2
Bio Jet Fuel
Slide29Aircraft transportation: One person for 1 km on an intercontinental flight
Impact Category
Unit
Transport, aircraft, passenger, intercontinental
Bio-Jet Fuel (IPK)
Fossil Fuel (Kerosene)
Ozone depletion
kg CFC-11
eq
1.69E-06
1.42E-05
Global warming
kg CO2
eq
32.32
84.22
Fossil fuel depletion
MJ surplus
65.17
165.79Preliminary findings – do not publish or cite62% Reduction
Slide30ConclusionWe were able to get such favorable results primarily for the following reasons:A minimal amount of fossil fuel is used during the conversion process, because waste biomass (in the form of lignin), can be substituted for coal and/or natural gas to provide the heat and power needed for the IPK process
.
The avoided environmental burdens associated with not having to burn the slash piles in the forest reduced the overall environmental footprint of the process.
We can improve the overall carbon footprint associated with bio-jet fuel through innovations in efficient feedstock handling.
Slide31THANK YOU