INTRO TO LINGUISTICS Questions to ANSWER Watch the video then answer these questions What is the nature of language What is language Why should one study linguistics lINGUISTICS ID: 1010191
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1. IAIN KENDARI, 2-3 MEETINGINTRO TO LINGUISTICS
2. Questions to ANSWERWatch the video then answer these questions!What is the nature of language?What is language?Why should one study linguistics?
3. lINGUISTICSWhat is language?The scope of linguisticsThe definition
4. QUestionsWhat is language?What if there were no language? What function does language play in daily life?Is language human specific?Do animal have language?
5. language
6. Ferdinand de Saussure (Switzerland Course de linguistique generale (1916)(Langage, Langue and parole)Langage (More universal)Langue (Specific)Parol (Speech), accent, utteranceLinguist -> polyglot (Greek : Polys (many), glotta (languages) -> Attitude, manner. (Politeness)
7. SCOPE OF LINGUISTICS
8. Object of LinguisticsLanguagefigurative languageLanguage literally (langange, langue, parole)Orthography -> greek , orthos (correct), graphein (writing)Philology (Eng); philologie (French)
9. DEFINITION OF LANGUAGELanguage as a systemLanguage as arbitraryLanguage as a vocalLanguage as a symbolLanguage as humanLanguage as communication
10. The DEFINITION OF LANGUAGELanguage is purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbol (Sapir, 1921)Language is a system of arbitrary, vocal symbols which permit all people in a given culture, which permit all people in given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture is communicative to communicate or to interact (Finocchiaro, 1965)
11. The DEFINITION OF LANGUAGELanguage is a system of communication by sound, operating through the organ of speech, among members of a given community, and using vocal symbols possessing arbitrary conventional meaning (Pei, 1966)The generally accepted definition: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication (Wardhough, 1972)
12. E x p l a n a tFirstly, language is a system, i.e., elements oflanguage are combined according to rules. “iblk”,“Been he wounded has” are unacceptable.Secondly, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word ‘pen’ and the thing we use to write with.io n s
13. E x p l a n a t i o n sThe fact that different language have differentwords for the same object is a good illustration of thearbitrary nature of language.This also explain the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc, by convention. “A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” .(Romeo and Juliet)he fact t
14. ExplanationsThirdlage is vocal because the primarymedium is sound for all languages, no matter how welldeveloped their writing systems are. All evidence pointsto the fact that writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper. “children – spoken language – read and write”Thirdly, language is
15. D e s i g nF e a t u r e so fL a n g u a g eDesign Features of Language refer to thequintessential characteristics of human language,which can distinguish any human language system from any non-human language system.They cover: Arbitrariness, Duality,Creativity,Displacement,and Cultural transmission.
16. D e s i g nF e a t u r e so fL a n g u a g eArbitrarinessThis feature was first proposed by Saussure. The forms of linguistic signs bear no natural(logical, intrinsic) relationship to their meaning.“Different sounds are used to refer to the sameobjectindifferentlanguages.”Baumtree树
17. ArbitrarinessA tl e x i c a ll e v e l :A rose by any other name wouldas sweet (Shakespeare's Romeo and1594 )smellJuliet,
18. A r b i t r a r i n e s sa tt h es y n t a c t i cl e v e llanguage is not arbitrary at the syntacticlevel.(a)(b) (c)HeHeHecame in and sat down.sat down and came in.sat down after he came in.
19. H o wt ou n d e r s t a n dA r b i t r a r i n e s s a n dc o n v e n t i o n ?
20. D e s i g n F e a t u r e so fL a n g u a g eDualityLanguage possess thelevels of structures:propertyofhavingtwoSounds (lower or basic level)Meaning (higher level)Sounds are combined with oneanother to formmeaningful units such as words. The secondaryunits sounds are meaningless and the primary units have distinct and identifiable meaning.
21. D e s i g nF e a t u r e so f L a n g u a g eCreativityLanguage can be used to send messages wehave never saidorheard before.Creativity is unique to human language.Language is creative in that it makespossible the construction and interpretationnew signals by its users.of
22. coolC r e a t i v i t yWords can be used in newways to mean new things, and can be instantly understood by people who have never come across that usage before.
23. C r e a t i v i t yLanguage is resourceful because of itsduality and its recursiveness.The recursive nature of language providespotential to create an infinite number of/endless sentences.“Limited rules can produce unlimited sentences.” (Chomsky,1958).ae is res
24. C r e a t i v i t yF o ri n s t a n c e :This is thethat lay inHe boughtcat that killedthe house thatthe rat that ate the maltJack built.a book which was written by a teacherwho taught in a school which was known for itsgraduates who ...
25. D e s i g n Features of LanguageCreativityUsers can understand and producewords orsentences they have never heard before. Every daywe sent messages that have never been sent beforeand understand novel messages.Much of what we say and hear for the first time;yet there seems no problem of understanding.
26. ccomommmuunnicicD e s i g nF e a t u r e so fL a n g u a g eD i s p l a c e m e n tHuman languages enable their usersto symbolize objects, events andconceptswhich are not present (inspace) at the moment of ation.Thus, we can refer to Confucius,timeandorthe North Pole, even though the firsthas been dead for over 2550 years and the second is situated far away from us.
27. D i s p l a c e m e n tAnimal communication isnormally under “immediatestimulus control”.For instance, a warning cry of abirdinstantly announcesdanger.My masterwillbe homeinafewdays.Thehoneybee's danceexhibits displacement a little bit: he can refer to a source of food, which is remote×in time and space when he reports on it.imal co
28. D i s p l a c e m e n tHuman language is stimulus-free. What weare talking about need not be triggered byany external stimulus in the world or any internal state.Our language enables us to communicate about things that do not exist or do not yet exist.
29. D i s p l a c e m e n tDisplacement benefitshuman beings by givingthe power to handlegeneralizations andabstractions.us
30. D e s i g nF e a t u r e so fL a n g u a g eCultural transmissionAnimal call systems are genetically transmitted.Language is culturally transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.
31. T o p i c sf o rd i s c u s s i o nNo matter how eloquently a dog may bark, he cannottell you that his parents were poor but honest.-Bertrand RussellA rose by other name would smell as sweet.– ShakespeareHe bought a book which was written by a teacher who taught in a school which was known for its graduates who …/tr/, /a/, /n/, /s/, /l/, /ei/, /t/- translate – translate a novel- translate a novel by Lu Xunmatter
32. Do we havelanguage?
33. ododee oo eexxppeerieriennccee aa；；oo ee tatabb isishh aanndd hiphip ；；l a n g u a g ef u n c t i o n sMetafunctions of Languageproposed by HallidayIdeational function (a model of experiences as well as logical relations.InterpersonalFunction (to establish andmaintain social relations)Textualfunction (to creates relevance tocontext).
34. l a n g u a g ef u n c t i o n sInformativeInterpersonal Performative EmotivePhatic communionRecreationalMetalingual
35. F u n c t i o n so fL a n g u a g eInformativeLanguage is used to convey messages, that is toinform somebody of some information. Declarative sentences are employed to realize thefunction.One of the features of this function is the proposition has the true or false value,e.g. Water boils at 90ºC. Water boils at 100ºC.
36. F u n c t i o n so fL a n g u a g eInterpersonalBy far the most important sociological use oflanguage, and by which people establish and maintain their status in a society, “polite expressions, humble words”, expression of identity.For example, the ways in which people address others (Dear Sir, Dear Professor, Johnny), and refer to themselves (yours, your obedient servant ) indicate the various grades of interpersonal relations.
37. F u n c t i o n so fL a n g u a g e InterpersonalIn the framework of functional grammar,it is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation and the addresser's attitude toward what he speaks or writes about.
38. F u n c t i o n so fL a n g u a g ePerformative functionThis concept originates from the philosophicalstudy of language represented by Austin and Searle, whose theory now forms the back-bone of pragmatics. For example,––I now declare the meeting open.I bet you two pounds it will rain tomorrow.
39. F u n c t i o n so fL a n g u a g ePerformativefunctionIt is to change the social status of persons,as inmarriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, theblessing of children, the naming of a ship at a launchingceremony, and the cursing of enemies.ritualized)(formal and
40. The performative function can extend tothe control of reality ason some magical orreligiousoccasions.–For example, in Chinesewhen someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or thepeople present say 岁 岁 平 安controlling theare likely toas a means of invisibleforces which the believers feelmight affect their lives adversely.on so
41. F u n c t i o n so f L a n g u a g eEmotive functionto change the emotional status of anaudience foror against someone or something: swear words,obscenities, involuntary verbal reactions to beautiful art or scenery; conventional words/phrases, （ e.g., My God, Damn it, What a sight, Wow, Ugh, Ow… ）
42. F u n c t i o n so fL a n g u a g ePhatic communionIt refers to the social interaction of language.Small, seemingly meaningless topic to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without involving any factual content, “health, weather”Expressions that help define and maintain interpersonal relations, such as slangs, jokes, jargons, ritualistic exchanges, switches to social and regional dialects.o f L
43. Phatic communionWeall use such small, seemingly meaninglessexpressions to maintain a comfortablerelationship between people without involvingany factual content.G o o dh e l l om o r n i n g ,G o db l e s sy o u ,N i c ed a y ,吃 饭 了 吗 ？ 到 哪 里 去 ？Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chineseall use
44. F u n c t i o n so fL a n g u a g eRecreationalfunctionTo use language for the sheer joy of using it, such as ababy’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, verbal dueling,poetry writing.To take one example, the well-known movie 《 刘 三 姐 》features a scene of “ 对 歌 ” (song dueling) mostly for thesheer joy of playing on language.
45. F u n c t i o n so f L a n g u a g eMetalingual functionLanguage can be used to talk about itself. metalanguage ( 元 语 言 ； 纯 理 语 言 ) ： certainkinds oflinguistic signs or terms for the analysis and descriptionof particular studies, e.g. approving, formal, non technical, old-fashioned; [u] , [c], etc.
46. InformativeWith language people can expressDear sir, Dear professor, John, yours,PerformativePeople use language to change social statusOh, my God! What a sight.Phaticlanguage is used to maintain a comfortableTip tongue, poetry writing gives peopleMeta-lingualPeople use language to talk about languageF u n c t i o n so fL a n g u a g eInformativeHello, do you know …?With language people can expressthemselves and communicate with others.I heard that …Inter-personalDear sir, Dear professor, John, yours,By language people establish and maintaintheir social status in a society.your obedient servantPerformativeMarriage ceremonies, the sentence of acriminal, sui sui ping an (to break a bowl on Spring Festival)People use language to change social statusor control the reality on some special occasionsEmotiveOh, my God! What a sight.And hurrah!Language can be used to get rid of thenervous energy when we are under stressPhaticGood morning! Thank you.God bless you.language is used to maintain a comfortablerelationship between people without involving any factual contentRecreationalTip tongue, poetry writing gives peoplethe pleasure of using language.People use language for the sheer of joy.Meta-lingualbook---- number of printed or writtensheets of paper bound together in a cover.People use language to talk about languageitself.I heard t
47. L i n g u i s t i c sLinguistics can be defined as the scientificor systematic study of language. It is asciencestudies humanin the sense that it scientificallythe rules, systems and principles of languages.
48. Linguistics has two main purposesOne is that it studies the nature of languageand tries to establish a theory of languageand describes languages in the light of thetheory established.The other is that it examines all the forms language in general and seeks a scientific understanding of the ways in which it is organized to fulfill the needs it serves and functions it performs in human life.ofthe