Unit 13 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - PowerPoint Presentation

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Unit 13 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - PPT Presentation

Aim 1 What is an organic compound and what are its properties Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and its compounds found in fossil fuels plants animals Examples include gasoline oil ID: 927916

carbon hydrocarbons substituted atoms hydrocarbons carbon atoms substituted chain hydrocarbon draw isomers formula organic bond suffix group table bonds

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Slide1

Unit 13ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Slide2

Aim #1 What is an organic compound and what are its properties ?

Organic chemistry

is the study of

carbon

and its compounds

found in fossil fuels, plants, animals

Examples include:

gasoline, oil,

sugars

Hydrocarbon

– contains only the elements H & C (TABLE Q)

Therefore, hydrocarbons are organic, but not all organic compounds are hydrocarbons

Slide3

Why is carbon so special?Has 4 valence electrons, so it can bond 4 times to achieve a stable octet

Slide4

Nonelectrolytes (do not conduct electricity)

React

slowly

because they are

covalent

(nonmetal + nonmetal)

Usually low

melting point and boiling pointInsoluble and immiscible in water

PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Slide5

Which of the following are organic?

Which of the following are hydrocarbons?

Slide6

Types of Chemical Formulas

Molecular Formula

- shows the

# of atoms

of each element in a

compound (least

informative

formula)Ex. Propane = C3H8

Slide7

Types of Chemical Formulas

Structural Formula-

shows the

number of atoms of each element

AND

the arrangement of the atoms

; most informative formula

Ex. Propane =

Slide8

Types of Chemical Formulas

Condensed/Collapsed Formula-

combination of both

structural and molecular formulas

-each

carbon is written with its constituent

hydrogens

followed by the proper subscriptEx. Propane = CH3CH2CH3

Slide9

Structural Formula

Condensed Formula

Slide10

HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

Table Q shows the general formulas and structures for 3 families of hydrocarbons

Slide11

Alkanes-

single bonded hydrocarbons contains ONLY (C-C)

These bonds are considered saturated. They

have the maximum number of hydrogens attached.

Remember

that each bond represents 1 pair of shared

electrons

(2 e- total per bond)

General formula: C

2n+2

Example: Methane

Slide12

2. Alkenes- double bonded hydrocarbons, contains (C=C)

These bonds are considered unsaturated

General formula: C

Example:

Butene

Slide13

3. Alkynes – triple bonded hydrocarbons, contains (C- C triple bonds)

These bonds are considered unsaturated

General formula C

2n-2

Example:

Propyne

Slide14

How can we name hydrocarbons? -IUPAC

To name simple hydrocarbons (straight chain, only C and H), we will put information from

Table

P and Table Q together

Table P shows the

prefix

to determine how many

carbons

are in a compound

) Give the prefixes for the following:

6C5H12C7H14C8H18C10H20

Slide15

How can we name hydrocarbons? -IUPAC

Steps in naming simple (unbranched) hydrocarbons:

How

many

carbon

atoms

are in the longest continuous chain

? Find the prefix for this from Table P

If it is an

alkane

, simply add the suffix

“

ane

”

to the name.

Slide16

How can we name hydrocarbons? -IUPAC

If it is an

alkene

, you must first indicate the

location of the double bond

(s) if the molecule has more than 3 Cs. Do this by numbering the carbons on the chain and stating the l

owest carbon # where the double bond is located

. Then add the suffix “

ene

” to the name.

Slide17

How can we name hydrocarbons? -IUPAC

If it is an

alkyne

, you must first indicate the

location of the triple bond(s

) if the molecule has more than 3 Cs. Do this by numbering the carbons on the chain and stating the lowest carbon # where the triple bond is located. Then add the suffix

“-

yne

”

to the name.

Slide18

Slide19

Slide20

Slide21

Aim # 3 What are isomers?

Isomers have the same

molecular

formula but are rearranged in a different

structure

with different

chemical and physical properties

At least

4 carbons

must be present in a molecule to have isomers

Methane, ethane, and propane

DO NOT have any isomers

Slide22

What are isomers?

Butane is the first molecule to have isomers. The

larger

the molecule (the more carbon atoms), the more isomers the molecule will

have

3 ways to make an isomer:

1. Make a branch (on a non-terminal carbon)

2. Move a branch

3. Move a multiple bond (a double or triple bond)

Slide23

What are isomers?

Pentane Isomers

Slide24

What are isomers?

Pentene Isomers

Slide25

Aim # 4 How can we name & draw substituted hydrocarbons?

Count

the longest

parent chain

of carbon atoms – name that

chain

Scan

the chain and take note of anything that is not a C or H

Indicate

the lowest number carbon that has the

substitution

Name

the substitution (F-

fluoro

, Cl-

chloro

, Br-

bromo

, I-iodo, CH3- methyl, CH2 - ethyl)Notice that if there are more than one substitutions, you must indicate all of their locations (which # C they’re attached to), and put a numerical prefix in front of the substitution name (“di-” for 2, “tri-” for 3, “tetra-” for 4)

Slide26