Learning Objectives Expectations of graduate level writing Introduce and define APA format Provide general guidelines for APA formatted paper Outline specific format and style requirements with references to the appropriate pages in the APA manual 6 ID: 668782
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "APA Guidelines A brief review for Orga..." is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
APA Guidelines
A brief review for Organizational LeadershipSlide2
Learning Objectives
Expectations of graduate level writing
Introduce and define APA format
Provide general guidelines for APA formatted paper
Outline specific format and style requirements, with references to the appropriate pages in the APA manual (6
th
Ed.)
NOTE: This is an overview, not everything. Please use the
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Associate (
6
th
edition) to answer all questions. This should be used for all writing assignments, unless the professor says otherwise.Slide3
What is APA?
The American Psychological Associate (APA) citation style is the most commonly used format for manuscripts in the social sciences.
APA Regulates:
Stylistics
In-text Citations
ReferencesSlide4
APA Documentation Style
The BasicsSlide5
General Instructions for Preparing a Paper
Section 8.03, p. 228
Typeface 12 point Times New Roman
Double Spaced
Margins are 1 inch on all sides
Page numbers in upper right-hand corner, starting on title pageTwo spaces at the end of a sentence, recommendedRemember, title of paper is repeated on first line of text (Page two, generally).Slide6
Title Page
The header now includes the Running head: IN
UPPER CASE
(max of 50 characters, including spaces)
But
on subsequent pages the words - Running head is not there.
In
Word 2007+, once you are in header, use different first
page tool
to create this.
Title
Page
Title
Name
Institutional AffiliationSlide7
Title PageSlide8
Set up Running Head and Page Number
Your Running head will appear flush left while the page number will
appear in
the upper right hand corner of each page.
Note
: Upper case “R” and lower case “h”, not italicized, with the colon.
For Page 1 (Title Page)
Step
1 - Select Insert > Header
Step
2 - Click on Header. From the box that appears, go to
the bottom
and select Edit Header. Click “Different First Page” in
the Options
section.
Step
3 - Select Page Number, Top of page and from the list
given, choose
the page number that is top right (Plain Number 3).
Step
4 -The number one (1) will appear on your page to the
right. Type
"Running head:", and, in caps, your abbreviated title. Hit
the space
bar once. From the
Position section
on the toolbar, click
on "Insert
Alignment Tab." From the box that appears, choose "Right
.“ Close
the Header box using the link in the top right corner.Slide9
Set up Running Head and Page Number
For Page 2:
Step
1 - Select Insert > Header
Step
2 - Click on Header. From the box that appears, go to the bottom and select Edit Header.Step 3 - Select Page Number, Top of page and from the
list given
, choose the page number that is top right (Plain
Number 3
).
Step
4 -The number two (2) will appear on your page to
the right
. Type, in caps, your abbreviated title (do not
type "Running
head:”. Hit the space bar once. From the
Position section
on the toolbar, click on "Insert Alignment Tab."
From the
box that appears, choose "Right." Close the Header
box using
the link in the top right corner.Slide10
Levels
Use levels consecutively, meaning that, if your paper has
three levels
, use levels 1, 2, and 3
Levels
have slightly different formattingSlide11
NOTE:
1. You probably will not use
this many
headings in a
paper (unless
you are composing lengthy work like a thesis/dissertation).2. The Introduction does not need
a heading.
3. There should be (at least)
2 subheadings/subsection under a
heading; if not, it
isn’t needed
. Remember, you
must have
2 or more subsectionsSlide12
Parenthetical & In-text References
Pages 174 - 179Slide13
Parenthetical & In-text References
Whenever you summarize, paraphrase or quote another
author, you
MUST include source.
A
parenthetical reference will usually have the author's last name (or an abbreviated title if no author) and the publishing date of
the work
. A page number (or paragraph number for electronic
sources without
pages) is included if the borrowed material is a quotation.
These
parts act as tags to inform the reader what information
has been
borrowed and from
whom.
When
you write (Hunt, Hughey & Burke, 2010) at the end of
the sentence
, the reader know that you have borrowed or
summarized ideas
from an article by Hunt, Hughey and Burke published in
2010 and
that the full citation to that work can be found in the
Reference list
at the end of your paper.Slide14
Citing within text
For the specifics of citing references in text, refer to Sections 6.11 through 6.21 in the APA Manual.
Paraphrasing
within text:
In a 1989 article, Gould explores some of Darwin’s
most effective metaphors.
Author cited in text:
Gould (1989) attributed Darwin’s success to his gift
for making
the appropriate metaphor.
Author not cited in text:
As metaphors for the workings of nature, Darwin
used the
tangled bank, the tree of life, and the face of
nature (Gould
, 1989).
Multiple
works within same parenthesis
Several
studies (
Balda
, 1980;
Kammil
,
1988;
Pepperberg
& Funk, 1990) confirm the use
of metaphors
increases learning.Slide15
One work with multiple authors
First citation in text:
Wasserstein
,
Zappula
, Rosen, German, and Rock (1994) found. . .The use of metaphors was found to be helpful (
Wasserstein,
Zappula
, Rosen, German, & Rock, 1994)
Subsequent citations (3 or more authors):
Wasserstein
and colleagues (1994) found
Wasserstein
et al. (1994) found
The
use of metaphors was found to be helpful (Wasserstein et al
., 1994
)
*(See Table 6.1 of the APA Manual)Slide16
Citation from secondary source
Text:
Seidenberg and
McCelland’s
study (as cited in Coltheart,
Curtis, Atkins, & Haller, 1993).Reference page:
Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993).
Models of
reading aloud: Dual-route and
parallel-distributed-processing approaches
. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.
Use sparingly!Slide17
In-Text Citations
New section about electronic sources without
pagination in
APA Manual (6th edition).
para
. should be used for electronic sources without pagination in place of ¶(Golan, 2007, para. 3).
If
no para. number, cite heading and number
of paragraphs
after it
(
Discussion section, para.1).Slide18
Common Knowledge
in APA Papers
Source: APA Manual, p. 169
All facts which are not common knowledge to the general population
must be
cited.Facts that are consistently found in multiple references are
considered “common
knowledge,” even if it is a piece of information you personally
did not
know prior to your research.
Examples
:
Sante
Fe is the capital of New Mexico
Leukemia
is a form of cancer.
Abraham
Lincoln was the US President during the Civil War.
You
would not need to cite, for example, that pneumonia is a respiratory
illness that
often results in hospitalization. However, you would want to cite the
source for
the percentage of women who are diagnosed every year with breast
cancer, which
would not be common knowledge for every reader.Slide19
Common Knowledge???
In
both 2000 and 2001, the most popular name given to baby girls in
the United
States was Emily.
Common Knowledge or Needs Citation?NEEDS
CITATION. Although readers may have anecdotal evidence of the popularity
of particular
baby names, certain knowledge of the number one name generally
requires investigation
. The source should be cited.
Babe
Ruth’s record for home runs in a single season was not broken
for decades
.
Common
Knowledge or Needs Citation?
COMMON
KNOWLEDGE. This fact is widely known even outside of the field of
baseball (or
sports), information about major records in sports is found in many different sources.
When
the Homestead Act took effect, granting 160 acres of western land
to any
head of a
householdmale
or female– who would live there and
improve it
for five years, women filed 10% of the claims.
Common
Knowledge or Needs Citation?
NEEDS
CITATION. While the existence of the Homestead Act might be
considered common
knowledge, the statistical fact that women filed 10% of the claims must be cited.Slide20
Quoting and Paraphrasing
Pages 170 - 173Slide21
Using quotations appropriately
Limit
your use of quotations. Do not quote excessively. Often you
can integrate
words or phrases from a source into your own
sentence structure.As researchers continue to face a number of unknowns about obesity,
it may
be helpful to envision treating the disorder as
Yanovski
and
Yanovski
(2002
) suggested, “in the same manner as any other chronic disease” (
p. 592
).
Use
the ellipsis mark to condense a quoted passage.
What remains
must be grammatically complete.
Roman (2003) reported that “social factors are nearly as significant
as individual
metabolism in the formation of … dietary habits
of adolescents
” (p.345).
Ordinarily
, do not use an ellipsis mark at the beginning or at the end of
a quotation
(unless dropped words are at the end of the final quoted sentence-
-- put
ellipsis dots before the closing quotation marks).Slide22
Quotes within text
Direct quote from
author:
Gould
(1989) explains that Darwin used the metaphor of
the tree of life “to express the other form of interconnectedness-genealogical rather than ecological-and to illustrate both success
and failure in the history of life” (p.14).
Direct quote without name of author:
Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life “to express
the other
form of interconnectedness-genealogical rather
than ecological
” (Gould, 1989, p.14).Slide23
Punctuation Tips for Parenthetical
References
Periods & Commas
Periods or commas usually go inside the quotation marks. (
This is
true even if the original quoted material did not end with a period or a comma). Thompson (1998, p. 32) describes Esme as "a
real charmer."
Exception
: If there is a parenthetical citation
immediately after
the quote, the period or comma goes after
the parenthetical
citation.
Thompson
(1998) describes Esme as "a real charmer" (p. 32).Slide24
Question Marks, Exclamation Points
If the quote itself ends with an exclamation mark or a question
mark, include
it inside the quotation marks.
Here's
a passage from a book: Will not a righteous God visit for these
things?
Here's
the passage quoted in a sentence
: When
Douglass (
1845) asks
, "Will not a righteous God visit for these things?" he raises
the question
of doubt about the future salvation of the "
Christian“ slaveholders
(p. 55).
If you want to use a quoted statement in a question or exclamation
of your
own, then the question mark or the exclamation mark
goes outside
the quotation marks.
Here‘s a
a passage from a book
: The
grave is at the door.
Here's
the passage quoted in a sentence: How can we
take Douglass
seriously when he indulges in excessively
romanticized language
such as "The grave is at the door" (Douglass, 1845, p. 55)?Slide25
Quotes within Quotes
One of the messiest types of quotes to punctuate is a quote
within a
quote. Sometimes you may want to use quoted dialogue or
a quote
that includes a word set off by quotation marks. To mark a quotation within the text, enclose it in single quotation marks: ' . ‘Here's
a passage from a book: I got hold of a book entitled "
The Columbian
Orator."
Here's
the passage quoted in a sentence: Because
Douglass "got
hold of a book entitled 'The Columbian Orator,'" he was able
to learn
how to read and broaden his mind.
Notice
that the comma at the end of the quote goes inside
the single
and double quotes.Slide26
Block Quotes
Setting off long quotations
. When
you quote forty
or more
words, set off the quotation by indenting it one-half inch from the left margin and do not single space.Introduce by an informative sentence, usually followed by
a colon
. Quotation marks are not needed.Slide27
Block quotes
APA prefers that you set off long quotes (40 or more words) in what
is called
a "block quote," which physically separates the quote from the
rest of
the paragraph.
To create a block quote:
Indent
the whole block of text five spaces from the regular margin.
The
block quote is usually preceded by a colon.
There
are no quotation marks around the quoted text.
Give
the parenthetical reference at the end of the block quote, then start a new line
and continue
typing your paper.Slide28
Using Brackets
Brackets
allow you to insert your own
words into
quoted material to clarify a confusing reference or to
make the quoted words fit grammatically into the context of your writing
. When writers insert or alter words in a
direct quotation
, square brackets—[ ]—are placed around the
change. Additionally
, use to indicate an error such as a misspelling in
a quotation
. --- [sic]
Original
: "I returned there yesterday, 2 hours after it happened"
Quote
: The criminal admitted: "I returned [to the crime scene] yesterday, 2 hours
after [the
murder] happened“
Original
direct quotation beginning with an upper case letter:
“
The heavy cognitive workload of driving suggests that any secondary task has
the potential
to affect driver behavior” (
Salvucci
and
Taatgen
108).
Integrated
quotation with brackets used correctly to indicate a change in letter case:
Salvucci
and
Taatgen
propose that “[t]he heavy cognitive workload of driving
suggests that
any secondary task has the potential to affect driver behavior” (108). Slide29
Signal Phrases
Use Signal Phrases. Whenever you include a direct
quote, a
paraphrase, or a summary in your paper, prepare
readers for
it with a signal phrase.Marking boundaries. Avoid dropping quotations into your text
without warning. Signal phrases mark the
boundaries between
source material and your own words and ideas.
As researchers
Yanovski
and
Yanovski
(2002) have
explained, obesity
was once considered “either a moral failing or
evidence or
underlying psychopathology” (p. 592).
To
avoid monotony, try to vary both the language and
the placement
of your signal phrase
.
Signal phrases introduce someone else’s work – they signal that the words and ideas that are about to be offered belong to someone other than the author of the paper.Slide30
In-Text Citation and Signal Phrases
In-text
citations are the parenthetical pieces of
information that
appear usually at the end of a quote, paraphrase,
or summary (though they sometimes appear before).A
simple rule:
Author or Title, Year, and Page: what isn’t signaled up front
must be
cited at the
end.
Limited signal, everything in citation
. . . end of paraphrased sentence, in which you convey the author's ideas in your own words (
Krepp
, 1985, p. 103).
" . . . end of quoted sentence" (
Krepp
, 1985, p. 103).
Author and year in signal, page in citation
In 1985,
Krepp
reported that . . . (p. 103).
Krepp
(1985) tells us that . . . (p. 103).
According to
Krepp
(1985), ". . ." (p. 103).
Documenting sources at SNHU: APA style. (
n.d.
). Southern New Hampshire University. Retrieved September 17, 2007 from http://acadweb.snhu.edu/documenting_sources/apa.htm#Use%20a%20citation%20when%20you%20paraphraseSlide31
Signal Phrases and In-Text Citation (continued)
Multiple Authors signaled (Alphabetical)
Studies (Jones, 1966;
Krepp
, 1985; Smith,
1973) have shown that . . .No
Author
("Stocks Lose Again," 1991, p. B16).
According to the news article “Stocks Lose Again
” (
1991) … end paraphrase or “quote” (p. B16).
No
Page Number
Provide other information in signal
phrase
When citing a statistic and other specific facts,
a signal
phrase is often not necessary but there
is nothing
wrong, however, with using a
signal phrase
.
In purely financial term, the drugs cost more than $3 a day
on average
(
Duenwald
, 2004).
Duenwald
(2004) pointed out that in purely financial terms,
the drugs
cost more than $3 a day on average.Slide32
Here's a list of signal phrases that help introduce
quotes, summaries
or paraphrases (from St. Martin's Guide):
admits
, agrees, argues, asserts, believes,
claims, compares, confirms, contends, denies, emphasizes, insists, notes, observes, points out, reasons, refutes, rejects, reports, responds, replies, suggests,
thinks, writes
In
addition to the above list of verbs, there are other phrases
you might
use:
In
_____'s words...
According
to ____'s (notes, study, narrative,
novel, etc
.)...Slide33
ReferencesSlide34
References
References
are listed on separate page.
Only
citations that appear in the text should appear on
the reference page.Everything cited in the text should appear on the reference page.References
are double-spaced, flush left with subsequent
lines indented
5 spaces.
Pages
180-224.Slide35
Documentation
Refers to the References list at the end of the paper
The
List
is
labeled References (centered, no font changes)starts at the top of a new pagecontinues
page numbering from the last page of text
is
alphabetical
is
double spaced
Uses
a hanging indent (1/2 inch – can be formatted from
the Paragraph
dialog box in MS Word)
Perrin, R. (2007). Pocket guide to APA style (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Slide36
General Rules:
Include the
doi
(digital object identifier)
if available
for online sources. If no doi is available, include
the URL for the website (if applicable).
It
is no longer necessary to include the
database title
or access date if the article is retrieved from
a subscription
source.
Titles
of books and journals appear in italics.
Article
titles and titles of book chapters,
essays, and
short stories do NOT appear in "quotes."
If
an author isn't given, begin with the corporate author (the sponsoring organization) or the title.
Give
the initials of the author's first and middle name rather than spelling out the full name.
If
there are multiple authors, the single-author entries with the same surname precede
the multiple-author
entries
If
you have multiple works written by the same author, arrange your citations by the years
of publications
with the earliest date appearing first. If the works have the same year of
publication alphabetize
by title.
Include
the publisher's city and abbreviated state, except if the publisher is a university and
the name
of the state is included in the name of the university
.Slide37
CAUTION!
Use Only
Professionally Respected
Material
Be
careful if searching the Web in general: make sure that the material you plan to use is
respected
,
scholarly
, and
valid
.
Do NOT use Wikipedia.
Ebsco
Host and ERIC are
respected repositories
of scholarly materials
.
Do NOT Self-Plagiarize.
Do NOT Plagiarize. Slide38
Periodicals
General format:
Author, A. A (year, add month and date of publication for daily or
weekly publications
). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue
), pages.
Example
:
Little, D. W. (200l). Leading change: Creating the future
for education technology
. Syllabus International, 15(5), 22-24.Slide39
Book, edition, multiple authors
General format:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year of publication). Title
of work
:
Capital letter also for subtitle (number ed.). Location City, State Abbreviation: Publisher.
Example
:
Anderson, A. B., Smith, S. D., & Jones, J. C. (1978). A
distant mirror
: The
calamitous
fourteenth century (3rd ed.).
New York
, NY: Knopf.Slide40
Chapter in Book
General format:
Author, A. A. (date of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (
pages of
chapter). Location: Publisher.
Example:
James, J. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to Kirk
and Spock
. In D.
Palumbo
(Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic (pp. 219-223
). Westport
, CT: Greenwood.
Note with references to chapters in the book that the
Author
of chapter—last name, initials
Editor
of book—initials and last name
1. Pages of chapter—use pp.
2. Chapter—not in italics
3. Book—italicsSlide41
References: Electronic Sources
Add
as much information as print sources in the same order.
Do
not need the retrieval date unless source may change
over time.Add “Retrieved from” before a URL
Shotton
, M. A. (1998). Computer addiction? A study of
computer dependency
.
Retrieved
from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk.asp
No
period at endSlide42
Digital Object Identifiers (DOI)
DOIs are unique strings
of numbers
used to identify
online articles
’ content and provide a persistent link to their location on the Internet.
1. When DOIs are present,
no longer
have to include URL.
2. When DOIs are not
present, include URL
Typically
located on first page of electronic journal article,
near copyright
notice; also on the database landing page for
article
Use
for BOTH electronic and print if available
Herbst-Damm
, K. L., &
Kulik
, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times
of terminally
ill patients. Health Psychology, 24(2), 225-229. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225
doi
comes last
No
period at endSlide43
Online periodical when DOI is present
General format:
Author, A. A. (date). Title of article. Title of
Journal, volume(number
), page numbers.
doi: xx.xxxxxxxExample:
Herbst-Damm
, K. L., &
Kulik
, J. A. (2005
). Volunteer
support, marital status, and
the survival
times of terminally ill
patients. Health
Psychology, 24, 225-229.
doi
: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225Slide44
Online article when DOI is not present
General format:
Author, A. A. (date of publication). Title of article Title of
Journal, volume(number
), page numbers. Retrieved from URL
Example:Sillick, T. J., &
Schutte
, N. S. (2006).
Emotional intelligence
and self-esteem mediate
between perceived
early parental love and adult
happiness. Applied
Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved
from http
://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejapSlide45
Documenting Authors
One
Author:
Koch Jr., R. T. (2004).
Two
Authors:Stewart, T., & Biffle, G. (1999).
Three
to Six Authors
Wells, H. G., Lovecraft, H. P., Potter, H. J., Rowling, J. K., & Kirk, J. T
. (
2005).
More
than Six Authors
Smith, M., Flanagan, F., Judd, A., Burstyn, E., Bullock, S., Knight, S., et al
. (
2002).
Same
author? List by Year. Same year? Alphabetize by source
title and
add a letter to the year (1984a).Slide46
Documenting Books
Model:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication).
Title of
book
. City: Publisher.Sample:Perrin, R. (2007).
Pocket guide to APA style
(2nd ed.).
Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Internationally
recognized cities do not need two
letter state
abbreviations. Publishers do not need Co. Ltd
., etc
.Slide47
Documenting Edited Collections
Model:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Eds.). (Date of publication).
Title of book
.
City: Publisher.Model for an essay in an edited collection:Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. In A.A.
Author (Ed
.),
Title of book
(pp. ##-##). City: Publisher.
Sample:
McCabe, S. (2005). Psychopharmacology and other biologic treatments. In M. A.
Boyd (Ed
.),
Psychiatric nursing: Contemporary practice
(pp.124-138). Philadelphia:
Lippincott-Williams
and Wilkins.Slide48
Documenting Journals
Model:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication).
Title of
article.
Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number if available), page numbers.
Sample:
Koch Jr., R. T. (2006). Building connections
through reflective
writing.
Academic Exchange Quarterly,
10(3
), 208-213
.Slide49
Documenting Online Journals
Model:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article.
Title of
Journal, volume
number. Retrieved month date, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/Sample:
Kenneth, I. A. (2000). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights.
Journal
of Buddhist
Ethics,
8. Retrieved February 20, 2001,
from http
://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html
Print and Online:
Whitmeyer
, J.M. (2000). Power through appointment [Electronic version].
Social
Science Research
,
29, 535-555.Slide50
Documenting Websites
Model for an authored document that is a whole site:
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of
article/document. Retrieved
month date, year, from http://Web address
Model for an authored page/article from a site:Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article/document. Title
of Site
. Retrieved month date, year, from http://www.someaddress.com/full/url/
Sample (no author, article found on resource website):
Nebraska school nurse honored during 100th Anniversary Celebration. (2007
). Answers4Families
. Retrieved September 26, 2007, from http://
nncf.unl.edu/nurses/info/anniversary.html
No Author? List page title or article title first. No page title? List site title.Slide51
Personal Communications
Such as:
Private
letters
Memos
Email(s)
Non-archived
discussion boards
Personal
interviews
Phone
conversations
Cite personal communications in text only. You do not have
to include
in the Reference list.
Give initials as well as the surname of the communicator
and provide
as exact a date as possible.
APA Manual:6.20Slide52
Most of the original slides from this PowerPoint come from:
Burke
, Monica (2016). APA writing workshop handout
powerpoint
[PDF Document
].Dr. Burke was kind enough to let me use the PowerPoint, and gave permission for me to use direct slides.Slide53
Resources
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the
American Psychological Association
(6th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Author.
Hacker
, D. & Sommers, N. (2012). A Pocket Style Manual (6th ed.). Boston,
Massachusetts: Bedford/St
. Martin’s.
APA Website: www.apastyle.org
http://www.liberty.edu/media/2030/APApresentation.ppt
http://gseacademic.harvard.edu/~instruct/articulate/apa_mod/APA_Module1/player.html
www.aug.edu/elcse/2010APAGuidelinesPPT.ppt
http://www.lib.usm.edu/legacy/tutorials/apatutorialSlide54
Additional Information
SAMPLE PAPER
http
://www.liberty.edu/media/2030/Sample_APA_Paper_UWP.pdf
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
http://www.liberty.edu/media/2030/Literature_Review_Handout_Final.pdfFYIhttp://
isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=apa_exposed
http://
www.apastyle.org/learn/quick-guide-on-references.aspx
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/