DW India and Mexico A comparative thesis on Canadian and DW women Globally most of the poor are in the DW of which women constitute a considerable majority In contrast only a minority of the Canadian women live below the poverty line While feminization of poverty affects the women in the ID: 313818
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Slide1
Topic 2: Women and Globalized Labour: Comparing Canada and
DW (India and Mexico)Slide2
A comparative thesis on Canadian and DW women:
Globally, most of the poor are in the DW, of which women constitute a considerable majority. In contrast, only a minority of the Canadian women live below the poverty line. While feminization of poverty affects the women in the DW, feminization of
labour
shapes those in Canada.
A result of NDL, poor women in DW, are tied to the commodity chain that extracts surplus/profit through nominal or no wage work.
(
Hidden Face of Globalization 9.49 min
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Bhodyt4fmU
2007)
On the other
hand, in Canada
, neoliberal policies encourage extraction of profits through feminized job market. Low wage, gender inequity and declining social
programmes
impoverish the women. Slide3
Canada low-income
rate
www.statcan.ca
In 2008
, 9.4% of Canadians
are in a family whose income is below the after-tax low-income cut-offSlide4
% persons living in low-income after tax, by sex of major income earner, select years, 1976 to 2010
Note: Based on after-tax
LICOs.
Source: Statistics Canada.
Persons in low income families, annual
(CANSIM Table 202-0802). Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 2012. [ Show Data Table ]Slide5
Comparative WST framework
on Women and development :
WST & Commodity Chain:
Financial Crisis: Neoliberal deregulation policies
(Canadian Women)
Global Commodity chain (GCC)
(Third World Women)
http://becauseiamagirl.ca/page.aspx?pid=3865
31 secSlide6
Why & how Canadian women workers are disadvantaged?
Canadian neoliberal policies/practices legitimize the extraction of surplus from temps & low waged women workers
Canada:
Feminization of
labour
DW:
Feminization of Poverty
Maquiladora women - spots from the film MAQUILAPOLIS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yK2KzIGb44I 4minSlide7
Concepts & arguments: Canada
Caragata
(2003):
Gendered and differential benefits
Labour
force changes
Marginalization Retrenching welfare state Commodification of social roles
Quintero-Ramirez (2002)
:
Capital mobility
Flexible work & vulnerable for firing
Feminization of
labour
.Slide8
Canadian Women: Neoliberal policies
Liberalization:
Free trade
Austerity: Financial cutbacks
Privatization: For profit services replace public services and dismantling of unions
Deregulation of: Financial procedures and securities of lending, borrowing and insurance; Flow of foreign investment
Globalization
of production & expansion of market
Slide9
Stat Can: Latest release from the
Labour
Force Survey Friday, January 6, 2012
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-503-x/2010001/article/11387-eng.htm
Women are more likely to work part time than men
Canada:
7 out of 10 part-time workers in 2009 were women, a proportion that has changed little over the past three decades.
In 2009, 2.2 million women worked part time, that is, fewer than 30 hours a week at their main job.
The share of women working part time rose from 23.6% in 1976 to 26.9% in 2009.
In comparison, the rate for men in 2009 was 11.9%, less than half that of women, although it more than doubled from 1976.Slide10
Canada:
5. The majority of employed women continue to work in occupations in which they have been traditionally concentrated, although the proportion has declined slowly over the past two decades.
6. In 2009, 67.0% of employed women worked in teaching, nursing and related health occupations, clerical or other administrative positions, or sales and service occupations. In contrast,
31%
of employed men worked in these fields.
Stat Can: Latest release from the Labour Force Survey Friday, January 6, 2012Slide11
The
Star.com
2012Slide12
2012-
Macleans.ca
Slide13
What is Feminization (Canadian Women workers)
Women
’
s high labour force participation and employment rates
Gendered rise of insecure or temp jobsSlide14
Capital extracts surplus:
From:
Canada: lower cost of production
Mexico: cheap
labour
- Export Promoting Zones (EPZ) or border industrialization, e.g., maquiladora
Slide15
Women in the
‘
Core
’
:
In Low-Paid Employment (% Labour Force)
(Caragata: 2003)Country (year) Total Men WomenAustralia (1995) 13.8 11.8 17.7Canada (1994) 23.7 16.1 34.3France (1994) 13.3 10.6 17.4Sweden (N/A) 5.2 3.0 8.4UK (1995) 19.6 12.8 31.2US (1994) 25.0 19.6 32.5Slide16
low-wage work for men and women: selected OECD countries, 1995 to 2005
www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/.../---ed.../wcms_157253.pdf
accessed jan 2013
Women in OECD (the
‘
Core
’
) countries
:1995 to 2005In Low-Paid Employment (% Labour Force)Slide17
CanadaSlide18
Canada: Average total income of women and men, 1976 to 2008
Source:
Statistics Canada, CANSIM table
202-0407
.Slide19
Canada: Employment rates (% of working age pop.)women and men, 1976 to 2011
Source:
Statistics Canada, Human Resources and Skills Development Canada www.hrsdc.gc.ca
http://www4.hrsdc.gc.ca/.3ndic.1t.4r@-eng.jsp?iid=13
acc jan 2013Slide20
Canada: Percentage of employed women and men with temporary work, by age group, 2009
Source:
Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey. Date Modified: 2011-07-26 Slide21
Unemployment rate for women and men in Canada, 1976 to 2011
Source:
Statistics Canada,
http://www4.hrsdc.gc.ca/.3ndic.1t.4r@-eng.jsp?iid=16
acc.jan 2013Slide22
gender pay gap
Comparing the average hourly wages of women and men, the ratio was 83.3% in 2008 – up from 75.7% in 1988
Sources:
Statistics Canada,
Labour
Market Activity Survey 1988, Survey of
Labour
and Income Dynamics 1993 and
Labour Force Survey, 2003 and 2008. Date Modified: 2011-07-26 Why we should still mind the wage gap Leah Eichler Special to The Globe and MailPublished Friday, Aug. 17 2012, 7:00 PM EDT the average amount for
damages
issued at the human rights tribunal level range from
$25,000 to $75,000 in Canada
. In the
United States, damages
for the same issue might amount to
millions of dollars for individuals
.
In US (2013)
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/02/26/chart-the-many-jobs-that-pay-women-less-than-men
/Slide23
Canada:
women
’
s problems are not related to basic needs (as in poorer countries)
61 percent of single parents cannot
afford a computer (1998)
source:
Caragata
(2003) among single parents, % women are 90% (1998) 80% (2011) Stat Can (released 2012 sept.)2012: http://www.canada.com/Census+More+single+dads+heading+lone+parent+families/7265375/story.html acc. Jan 2013 - 1.2 million women (2011)Single parent mothers in poverty: 21% (2011)http://www.canadianwomen.org/facts-about-poverty (Jan 2013)Slide24
Core countries:
Indigenous women:
education and life expectancy
world's
lowest
rates
illiteracy, infant and maternal mortality and death from preventable disease
world
’s highest ratesSlide25
Framework on Women and development :
WST & Global Commodity Chain:
Financial Crisis: Neoliberal deregulation policies
(Canadian Women)
Global Commodity chain
(Third World Women)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
jUNxj0MOoqk
4.3 min
Global Value Chain: Garments and flowers (English subtitles) Slide26
Impacts of GCC on female workers in the Periphery
Wilma A. Dunaway (2001). journal of world-systems research, vii, 1, spring 2001, 2-29Slide27
Impacts of GCC (contd.)
Wilma A. Dunaway (2001). journal of world-systems research, vii, 1, spring 2001, 2-29
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V86DfIwlDmY
2.19 min WDR on
wmn
2012
Unpaid work: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UaCwOdNeA7k
1.20min Think EQUAL
Slide28
Peripheral countries:
GCC explains:
Reasons why women are marginalized:
Women are treated as commodities/property by:
Traditions (
gendercide
)
Religious fundamentalism
Socio-political Status Wars and conflicts Inequality and denial of rights Market (Women in GCC) Slide29Slide30Slide31Slide32Slide33