American Studies The Cold War - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

American Studies

The Cold War

Slide2

Two opposing world

views dominate international relations:

US believes whole world should model itself after usDemocracy: Free elections, multiple parties to choose forCapitalism: Free market, consumerism and materialismIndividualism: Your needs and wants are most importantReligious expression: Mostly Christianity (1954 added “under God”)USSR believes their way is betterCommunism: One party systemPlanned economy: Everyone contributes and gets the same backCollectivism: The group’s needs and wants are most importantAtheism: Religion should not effect govt or divide citizen groupsCold War: No “hot” violent conflict between these two nationsBoth sides use propaganda, military expansion, threats, espionage, and economic influence to achieve goals

The Cold War Era: US

vs. USSR

Slide3

USSR wants to be a world power and spread

Communism

Soviets lost about 20 million during WWIIAfterward, 25 million are homeless and hungryThey need to expand in order to recoverEuropean leaders want to protect borders from any further invasions Establish buffer zone or “satellite nations” along western borderUS wants to help foster democracy thereUS emerges more powerful than ever USSR After WWII

Slide4

What were the goals of the Soviet Union in the Cold War

?

a. To not get involved .b. Spread Democracy and build friendships.c. Create satellite nations and spread communism.d. To create capitalistic economies for all nations.Practice Question

Slide5

Feb. 1945:

Meeting of Big 3

Allied leaders: FDR, Churchill and StalinWe agree to give USSR Poland and territory in the Balkans in exchange for help with JapanEstablish idea for the United Nations: International council to help nations solve problems without warSoviets will occupy Eastern Europe until free elections can be held in the near future (never happens)Soviets want Germans to pay high reparationsOther Allies know they won’t be able to and want to occupy Germany and help them insteadAgree to split Germany into “spheres of influence” in order to help them recoverSeeds of the Cold War: Creates severe tension1945: Yalta Conference

Slide6

Potsdam Conference

1945: US is the only one with atomic bomb and uses it to take a strong negotiation stance

The New Big 3 Allies: Truman, Stalin, and AttleeMeeting to finalize all plans made at Yalta Conference:War crimes trials in Nuremburg and Tokyo after the warThe Potsdam Declaration: They agree that we should use the bomb on Japan

Slide7

In the United Nations Charter, member nations pledge to “unite our strength to maintain international peace and security.” Since ratification of its charter following World War II, the primary goal of the United Nations has been

to

A. restore world trade disrupted by World War II. B. encourage industrial growth begun during World War II. C. establish policies to help nations pay World War II debts. D. intervene in world conflicts to prevent another war such as World War II.Practice Question

Slide8

Feb. 1946: Stalin announces he will break off trade with all western nations and build up his weapons systems

March 1946, Winston Churchill gives a speech at a college in Fulton, Missouri

“A shadow has fallen upon the scene so lately lighted by the Allied Victory…an iron curtain has descended across the continent”Metaphor: NOT a real wall or curtain! Churchill says western nations must join together to fight communist aggressionThe Iron Curtain Speech

Slide9

“There is nothing the Communists admire so much as strength and nothing for which they have less respect than for military weakness.”

Iron Curtain Metaphor

Slide10

Iron Curtain

Slide11

In the years following World War II, the countries of communist Eastern Europe were often referred to as being “behind the iron curtain.” These countries were perceived as a single region based on

A. a common cultural heritage

B. unique physical featuresC. economic and political characteristicsD. widespread immigration from other regionsPractice Question

Slide12

“Communism must be confronted and contained whenever and wherever it seeks to extend influence.”

US Diplomat in Moscow George Kennan: Expert on the USSR, says they will avoid confrontation

Containment Policy:The US won’t fight Communism where it already existsThe US will try to stop all further communist expansion1947: Becomes the Truman Doctrine: US foreign policy for next 45 yearsUses it to justify providing aid to Greece and Turkey so that they could fight against communist influenceContainment

Slide13

The Truman Doctrine - 1947

Slide14

“At the present moment every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is often not a free one.”

“One way of life is based upon the will of the majority and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression.”

The Truman Doctrine - 1947

Slide15

“The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections and the suppression of personal freedom.”

“I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures.”

The Truman Doctrine - 1947

Slide16

During the Cold War the United States was involved in different conflicts because they assured the world that

the U.S. would help in any way to stop the spread of communism. What was this policy of containment called

?a. Marshall Planb. Domino Theoryc. Isolationism d. Truman DoctrinePractice Question

Slide17

Europe was devastated by WW II: Depression

Cities, farms, factories, roads, etc. = destroyed

Millions are homeless and hungryThe conditions were ripe for the spread of CommunismGaining support in France and ItalyUS economy needs Europe to be stable in order for all nations to grow and benefitThe Marshall Plan - 1948

Slide18

George Marshall

Truman’s Secretary of State

Army Chief of Staff in WW IILater will be Secretary of DefenseServed in WW I and WW II5 Star General2 Distinguished Service Crosses and a silver starNobel Peace Prize for his work with the Marshall PlanSends Herbert Hoover over to find out what Europe needs so that we can help themThe Marshall Plan

Slide19

US will help rebuild the European nations

In exchange, they agree to spend a portion of the $ on US goods

The US will spend $13 Billion helping 16 countriesSoviets refuse to participate say it’s a US plot to take over Europe.However, in 1948 it was the USSR that seized control of CzechoslovakiaVery Successful: Europe recovers quickly, world economies benefit, US business prospersGains us allies and eliminates appeal of communismThe Marshall Plan - 1948

Slide20

At the end of World War II, Soviet armies liberated the countries of Eastern Europe from Nazi Germany. The occupation of these countries by the Soviet Union contributed to the development of the Cold War by

A

. contributing to conflict in the Middle EastB. bringing about the reunification of GermanyC. strengthening the authority of the United NationsD. dividing Europe into communist and non-communist spheresPractice Question

Slide21

Berlin is located 100 miles inside East Germany

Berlin was divided into West and East

West Berlin was part of Allied West GermanyUS desired economically strong Germany to contribute to western recovery and contain SovietsBerlin Crisis

Slide22

Supplies reached West Berlin on road and rail lines connecting it to W. Germany

In 1948 the Allies disagree on several issues involving Germany, including a new currency

Berlin Crisis

Slide23

In June 1948 the Soviets blockade the border, cutting West Berlin off from West Germany.

Communications, supplies, and electricity were cut off

2 million citizens of West Berlin are trapped, 100 miles inside Communist East Germany. They have no access to supplies necessary for their survival.They have 35 days of food and 45 days of coalBerlin Crisis

Slide24

Truman’s Options

1. Do nothing – Let it fall to the Communists 2. Send armored convoys across the border and risk going to war 3. Find a way to resupply that doesn’t result in warIntroducing the Berlin AirliftBerlin Crisis

Slide25

US and British aircrews will have to bring in everything that the West Berliners need to survive.

Everything will come by air - food, medicine, fuel, etc.

It was the largest continuous airlift in history324 days: 277,000 flights delivered 2 million tons of supplies10 minutes to unload 10 tons of suppliesThe Berlin Airlift

Slide26

Slide27

At its peak, a plane landed in Berlin every 30 seconds

Slide28

Practice Question

How did President Truman respond to the Soviet blockade of Berlin in 1948

?A. By escalating the conflict with a counter-blockade of Soviet PositionsB. By sending American tanks through the blockadeC. The Soviets never blockaded BerlinD. By airlifting supplies into West Berlin

Slide29

Soviets lift blockade in May 1949: Humiliating defeat

Flights continued until September to build up supplies

US won the first “battle” of the Cold WarAllies agree to unite to form Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) prevents Soviet blockadeStalin retaliated forming German Democratic Republic (East Germany)1961: Berlin Wall built to split East and West BerlinTorn down in 1989Berlin Airlift

Slide30

Slide31

1949: Soviet Union detonates their

1

st atomic bomb = tensions riseChina becomes CommunistChairman Mao Zedong takes overUS feels we “lost” ChinaNATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization was an alliance created to defend the West against Soviet aggressionMutual defense agreement where nations promised to consider an attack on one member an attack on all, go to aid of any memberInitially 12 nations were membersNATO

Slide32

During World War II, Japanese troops occupied much of China. This weakened the Chinese government, and in 1949, communist forces overthrew the government and established a communist state. What effect did the Chinese Communist Revolution have on the development of the Cold War

?

A. It decreased tensions, because it led to the formation of the Warsaw Pact.B. It increased tensions, because it strengthened the independence movement in India.C. It increased tensions, because it increased Western fears of communist expansion.D. It decreased tensions, because it led to the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union.Practice Question

Slide33

In 1955 the Soviets and their allies formed the Warsaw Pact: Communist version of NATO alliance

NATO nations trained and prepared throughout the Cold War to fight WW III

NATO vs. The Warsaw Pact

Slide34

NATO forces are actively serving in Afghanistan

Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia are now members of NATO

In 1949 they were Communist!NATO Today

Slide35

In the years following World War II, there emerged the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Warsaw Pact nations. These are examples

of

A. regional economic cooperative efforts.B. military alliance systemsC. environmental impact studies.D. international tribunals. Practice Question

Slide36

The Cold War at Home: 1950s-1960s

After WWII: Feared it would be hard to re-absorb all the troops at home

The G.I. Bill of Rights: Provided funds for servicemen/women to go to college or get other job trainingHealth and unemployment benefits and housing loansBaby Boom: Couples start families as troops return (1946-1964) A baby every 10 seconds!Suburbs rapidly expand along with interstate highwaysNew economic prosperity: Time/labor saving appliancesEveryone is buying cars and televisionsStory of Us video

Slide37

Fear of Soviet aggression and subversion changed the way the US saw the world and each other

Causes era of hysteria, suspicion and accusation of disloyalty due to fear of

CommunismIf you criticize the govt, you must be CommunistFederal Employee Loyalty Program (FELP): to conduct security checks on over 2 million govt employeesPeople could be fired for being a potential threat without evidenceLarge number resigned and 200 firedState/Local govts do the sameMake employees take loyalty oathsThe Red Scare Returns

Slide38

Slide39

McCarran Internal Security Act

(1950) Required Communist organizations/members to register with attorney general

Prohibited defense industries from hiring known commiesLegalized internment of certain people during national emergenciesTruman vetoed saying it was violation of constitutional rights by Congress overruledhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKqXu-5jw60https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWeZ5SKXvj8The 2nd Red Scare in the US

Slide40

Slide41

Joseph McCarthy

: House Rep. who exploited US fear of Communism for his own political gain

Sparked national frenzy by claiming that he had a list of 205 known communists employed by US State DeptNever offered any evidence and eventually discreditedMany disapproved but not publically because of fear of being accused of sympathizing with CommiesLoses credibility in 1954: Investigated US ArmyTelevised hearings: Show lack of evidenceDec. 1954: His influence came to an end, climate of fear gradually declined but never disappearedThe McCarthy Era

Slide42

House Un-American Activities Committee

(1938, 1947) HUAC investigated allegations of Communist influence in Hollywood movie industry

Wanted to prove that Communists in Screen Writers Guild inserted subversive propaganda into Hollywood films10 witnesses refused to testify exercising 5th amendment protection against self-incriminationHollywood Ten were found guilty of contempt of Congress and served up to 12 months in jailBlacklisted so other studios would not hire them1948: Alger Hiss, who attended Yalta and helped organize UN, accused of spying for Soviets during 1930sFought for innocence but sentenced to 5 years in jailThe Red Scare

Slide43

Slide44

Practice Question

Which was a common factor in the United States that caused the Red Scare following World War I and McCarthyism following World War II

?A. racial tension in major citiesB. signs of economic downturnC. fear of communist expansionD. the counterculture movement

Slide45

Constant Arms Race between US and USSR

1950: Truman order comprehensive investigation of US military strength

NSC-68 report says US should operate under assumption that USSR desires world domination Truman thought to guarantee security US must increase nuclear arsenal and enlarge its capacity to fight wars against SovietsShould be a source of encouragement to all nations to resistNeed to be ready for rapid mobilizationCongress doesn’t want to raise taxes for bigger military, but then…The Cold War

Slide46

North and South Korea split at the end of WWII

South Korea: Democratic supported by US

North Korea: Communist supported by USSRStop at 38th parallel in the middleThe Korean War (1950-1953)

Slide47

The Korean War: “The Forgotten War”

1950: Northern troops invade South Korea in order to unite the nation under

CommunismLed by Kim Il SungChina supports themUN Security Council: Condemns the invasion and authorizes use of military to expel the invading NorthPolice Action: US did not officially declare war but participated to contain communist expansionUS sends naval and air support, then ground troopsSets precedent for undeclared involvement in the futureUS spent over $64 billion, lost over 33,000 American soldiers3 million Koreans and Chinese killed: Majority were civilians

Scorched Earth policy: Destroy everything so they can’t rebuild

US drops more bombs here than all Allied bombs in WWII

Slide48

Slide49

The Korean War (1950-1953)

Korea

remained divided at the end of the warDemilitarized Zone (DMZ) on both sides of the border (38th parallel)Did not solve any long-term issues in AsiaDID allow for massive US military build-upSEATO: Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, like NATO allianceKorea today: Still divided, with democratic South Korea and Communist dictatorship in North Korea

Slide50

Slide51

The Cold War influenced U.S. foreign policy and involvement after World War II. Which of the following demonstrates that influence

?

A. Korean WarB. Persian Gulf War.C. Internment of Japanese Americans. D. Growth of suburbs in the 1950’s. Practice Question

Slide52

After WWII: Nationalist movements in Latin America

People resented US business involvement

Many living in desperate poverty1958: Fidel Castro led a communist revolt in Cuba1959-1961: Castro takes over and nationalizes all businesses, eliminating US involvement/controlPresident Eisenhower breaks off diplomatic relationsCuba signs a treaty with the USSRIssues with Cuba

Slide53

1961: JFK becomes President and is concerned about having a Soviet ally so close to US borders

(90 miles)

US tries to invade Cuba at Bay of Pigs with intent of igniting an uprising against CastroUses anti-Castro groups trained by US militaryInvasion failed miserably: US appeared weak and ineffectiveJFK uses covert CIA operatives to disrupt Cuban trade, conduct raids, and attempt assassinations of CastroThe Bay of Pigs Incident

Slide54

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W50RNAbmy3M&safe=active

Slide55

Castro is angry and Nikita Khrushchev wants to protect his ally near US

USSR installs missiles in Cuba that could strike the US

1962: US spy plane discovers missilesSome want to attack, risking all-out nuclear warKennedy’s advisors meet over tense weekSec. of Defense Robert McNamara recommends naval blockade to stop any further missile installationJFK demands Khrushchev remove the missiles or the US will destroy themhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5H-Byt1GZs&safe=activeThe Cuban Missile Crisis

Slide56

Slide57

Announced to the public 8 days after discovery

Military on high alert: 180 ships in blockade, bomber planes stay in the air

Closest we’ve ever come to nuclear war: Citizens are panicked and preparing for nuclear holocaustAfter 4 days: Soviets back down and remove missilesIn exchange, US removes missiles in TurkeyJFK respected for averting crisisSome tensions reduced; communication to avoid disasterArms race continues: Both afraid and want to remain strongThe Cuban Missile Crisis

Slide58

Slide59

Practice Question

The use of atomic weapons at the end of World War II fostered fears about their potential use during the Cold War years. These fears were critical in determining the U.S. response to

A. the Marshall PlanB. the Berlin BlockadeC. the Cuban Missile Crisis D. the independence movement in India

Slide60

Arms Race: Build up military for protection and threat

Space Race: Show power and technological advancement

Oct. 1957: Soviets launch Sputnik I, 1st manmade object to orbit EarthSputnik II carries a dog, 6 more Sputniks through 19611958: US launches Explorer to orbit Earth 1961: Soviets send first person into space to orbit EarthCosmonaut Yuri Gagarin Weeks later, US sends Alan Sheppard for 15 minute flights1962: John Glenn is the first American to orbit EarthJFK decides we must make it to the moon in order to winStory of Us videoThe Space Race

Slide61

Slide62

1968: US launches Apollo 8 to orbit the moon

July 1969: The moon landing is completed by US

Apollo 11: Buzz Aldrin, Neil Armstrong, and Michael Collins orbit the moon and then walk on its surface“That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”Worldwide TV audience watched in aweThe Space Race

Slide63

The successful launching of Sputnik by the Soviet Union in 1957 signaled the beginning

of

A. Americans competing to prove technological superiority over the SovietsB. The Cold War in the United States C. Soviet aggression in Afghanistan and China D. Disarmament discussions between the superpowersPractice Question

Slide64

Slide65

The Vietnam War

Vietnam was a French colony in Southeast Asia

Civil war: Communist rebels led by Ho Chi Minh try to drive out French Imperial govtUS supports French anti-communist regimeEisenhower justifies this based on the Domino TheoryIf one country falls to communism, all other would be sure to follow1954: Vietnamese forces defeated French Temporary treaty divides Vietnam at 17th parallel with Communists in north

Slide66

Slide67

Vietnam divided: Elections to be held in 1956 to reunite country under one government =cancelled

Fearing that commie rebels would win, southern leader Ngo

Dinh Diem cancelled elections Rebel groups formed National Liberation Front (NLF):Communist Vietcong rebelled in democratic southHo Chi Minh in north helped supply rebels in the southCommunist China also provided aid to VietcongUse of guerilla warfare: Hidden, small group attack strategy, sometimes armed civiliansKept track of body counts not land“Victory is around the corner”The Vietnam War

Slide68

JFK demands that Southern govt stop corruption in return for US aid and military training

1963: 16,000 Us military advisors were in Vietnam, but Diem did not institute serious reforms

South Vietnamese govt regularly stole much of the aidTroops were unsuccessful in fighting Vietcong forces1963: CIA supports a coup to kill Diem and put others in powerNov. 1963: Lee Harvey Oswald assassinated JFK Lyndon B. Johnson becomes presidentThe Vietnam War

Slide69

Slide70

Johnson believed that communist rebels were a threat to global balance of power

August 1964: Johnson said North Vietnam attacked two US ships and asks Congress to increase troop strength

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Gives Johnson power to use any necessary action against CommunistsGives him the power to take “all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the US and to prevent further aggression”Later, the public discovered two US ships provoked the attack by helping attack the northUS never declares war, but we are heavily involved in the warThe Vietnam War

Slide71

Rolling Thunder: Consistent bombing of North Vietnam by the US from 1965-1968

Destroy infrastructure without ground invasion of the North

Jan. 1968: Tet is the Lunar New Year holiday in VietnamBoth sides announced a two day cease-fire to celebrateThe Tet Offensive: North Vietnam and the Vietcong launch a surprise attack on the south during holiday weekendAttack military and civilian command and control centers throughout South VietnamTurns the tide of war: Now we realize that we may losePeople who had supported war begin to question our continued involvementThe Vietnam War

Slide72

Slide73

Practice Question

Following World War II, France attempted to re-establish control over its

colony, Indochina, which included Vietnam. Leaders of the Vietcong, a communist-supported independence movement in Vietnam, fought against France’s efforts to retake the colony. The United States viewed this conflict as part of the Cold War and aided France. This U.S. action was based on which policy?A. a policy of opposing colonialismB. a policy of helping Japan rebuild its economyC. a policy of containing the spread of communismD. a policy of participating in United Nations’ peacekeeping efforts

Slide74

Protesting Vietnam

2.2 million are drafted into the war: Can fight in a war at 18 but can’t vote until they’re 21

Civil Disobedience: Break a law to call attention to a perceived injustice Example: Burn draft cards to show they see law as unfair1971: 26th Amendment: Vote at 18 starting 1971Draft dodgers: Refuse to serve, many flee to CanadaBaby boomers protest in large numbers

Slide75

Why they protest:

Distrust of Govt: War never declared, Gulf of Tonkin

Hypocritical: Not allowing self determination or supporting true democracyMeddling in foreign affairs: Costing $ and livesMorally opposed to war:Sending the poor to fight for the rich govtFirst televised war shows brutality and killing civiliansUS used chemical weapons like Napalm and Agent OrangeReports of US military abuses: My Lai massacre1968: Mass murder of 400-500 unarmed Vietnamese civilians, including men, women and children, by US troopsNot reported in US for a yearMany were gang-raped or had their bodies mutilated26 soldiers charged with the crime, only one convicted and sentenced to life, but only served three yearsProtesting Vietnam

Slide76

Slide77

More bombs dropped here than both Allies and Axis dropped in WWII

Slide78

Protesting Vietnam

Most protesters were students

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)Hippies: Peace, love, and protest songs1970 Kent State Shootings: 4 students killed by National Guard while peacefully protestingChant “Hey Hey LBJ! how many kids have you killed today?”1971: Pentagon papers show govt had been lying for years1968 Democratic National Convention: Riots in Chicago outside, politicians debate insideJohnson won’t run again: Humphrey or MuskieOn the news: Protesters and police fight in the streetsChant “Hell no, we won’t go!” about the draft

Slide79

Over next 11 years until the fall of Saigon in 1975:

About 58,000 US military personnel died in Vietnam

Four Presidents tried to prevent rebels from gaining control and reuniting it under communismUS efforts failed: 1976 Vietnam was united under Communism and became a Soviet allyStill communist todayControversial war sparked by fear resulted in:Large-scale, sometimes violent, protests at home Over 3-4 million Vietnamese deathsWidespread distrust of the governmentThe Vietnam War

Slide80

The burning of draft cards by those who objected to the Vietnam War is an example of civil disobedience because it was an action that

A. was protected by the U.S. Constitution.

B. was intended to draw the attention of the media. C. violated a law that the protesters considered to be unjust. D. expressed a point of view that was unpopular at the time. Practice Question

Slide81

The End of the Cold War

1985: Mikhail Gorbachev is the Premier of the USSR

Soviet people are poor and unhappy: Can’t afford to continue the arms raceEnacts reforms to provide more freedoms to the peopleMoves from command economy to mixed economyReduces control of the satellite nations1990: Reunification of Germany Ronald Reagan “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down that wall!”1991: Satellite nations begin to declare independenceStruggle for control of new govts in Eastern EuropeDec. 1991: Communist party and Soviet economy collapses and disbands

Slide82

Slide83