CHAPTER 34: The Origins of World War II - PowerPoint Presentation

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CHAPTER 34: The Origins of World War II

Could WWII been prevented?Slide2

Europe After World War I

World War I caused the deaths of millions and the destruction of numerous cities and farms. The European economy was in ruins.

The Treaty of Versailles left many European nations unhappy.

France thought the treaty was too easy on Germany.

Italy had been on the winning side of the war but was ignored during the peace talks. They had hoped to gain territory.

Germany was most affected by the Treaty of Versailles.

Germany gave up control of some of its land, including some important industrial areas and signed the hated “war guilt clause”

German was forced to pay reparations to other countries, which led to a period of severe inflation.

The Weimar

Republic (the German government after World War I) was not a strong government.

It faced opposition from the Communists and others.

The German military was greatly reduced in size and power.Slide3

Dictators and Militarists Rise to Power

European struggles and dissatisfaction during the postwar years had a major effect on European politics.

Leaders emerged who promised a return to greatness

They reflected the people’s bitterness and anger.

This was very appealing to unhappy Europeans and many were willing to give up basic freedoms in return for future glory.

HEAD FOR THE GATE FOR FREEDOM! FORWARD! OUT OF THE SWAMP! A STRONG HAND AT THE HELM!Slide4

Josef Stalin in the U.S.S.R.

U.S.S.R. = Union of Soviet Socialist

Republics (there are 15 of them)

The Communists (led by Lenin)

overthrew Czar Nicholas II in 1917

Stalin comes to power in 1924 and establishes a totalitarian dictatorshipTwo interrelated economic goalsIncrease agricultural production and modernize industry5 Year Plans forced farmers on to collective farmsResistance to his plans = prison camps or deathTo strengthen control, his secret police rounded up and killed millions (The Great Purge)Those who remained would be loyal to him and the Communist PartySlide5

Mussolini Establishes a Fascist Dictatorship in Italy

Fascism based on…

extreme nationalism

opposition to communism and democracy

military values and the use of violence

In 1922, Mussolini and his “Black Shirts” take control and hope to revive the glory of ancient RomeIl Duce (the Leader) bans labor unions, opposing political parties and censors the pressSlide6

Hitler Leads the Rise of Nazism

in Germany

A form of fascism

Belief that the Aryan race was superior

to all others and sought to “purify”

GermanyMein Kampf (My Struggle)Book written while in prison for trying to overthrow the government in BavariaAryan race was locked in a struggle with other inferior racesGermans needed lebensraum or living space by conquering territory and expanding the German empire

Der Fuhrer becomes president and chancellor of Germany in 1933 and establishes the Third ReichLaws are passed targeting Jews and other “undesirables”

Begins rebuilding Germany’s militarySlide7

Francisco Franco Comes to

Power In Spain

The Spanish Civil War(1936-39) was a

revolt against the Spanish government

(known as Republicans)

The Nationalists (rebels) received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany.The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union, as well as from the International Brigades, a great number of volunteers who came from other European countries and the United States. The rebel victory began a dictatorship which lasted until Franco's death in 1975Slide8

Guernica by Pablo Picasso

In 1937, German planes, aiding Franco in the Spanish Civil War, bombed and destroyed Guernica. The indiscriminate killing of women and children aroused world opinion. The bombing of Guernica became a symbol of fascist brutality.Slide9

The Military Takes Control of

the Government in Japan

Pre World War I, Japan industrializes

with the help of a strong military to

gain natural resources

After WWI, Japan is a member of the League of Nations and signs the Kellogg-Briand Pact (what did that do, remember?)Worldwide depression renews militarismExtreme nationalism and a need for raw materials (like oil) put Japan on the path toward warPrime Minister Hideki Tojo continued to develop the militarySlide10
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Military Aggression is Met with a Weak Response in Asia

FDR announces the “Good Neighbor Policy” to win back support from Latin America

The U.S. would “respect the rights of others”

FDR hoped other nations would, too (they did not)

Japan takes control of Manchuria in northern China

The League ordered Japan to leave (they did not)Soon Japan occupied all of China’s major cities and withdrew from the weak League of NationsFDR speaks out against the “epidemic of world lawlessness” in his Quarantine Speech hoping to get Japan to stop expanding (they did not)Slide12

Military Aggression is Met with a Weak Response in Europe

Hitler begins rebuilding the German military against the orders of the Treaty of Versailles

Hitler reoccupies the Rhineland against the orders of the Treaty of Versailles

Hitler annexes Austria (the

anschluss

)Hitler wants to take the Sudetenland which was taken from Germany after WWIIn the Munich Pact, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain appeases Hitler and gives it to himHitler then takes the rest of Czechoslovakia Slide13

“Peace in our time” (Neville Chamberlain) never came to beSlide14
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Meanwhile…

Mussolini was expanding into Ethiopia

The League of Nations imposed weak economic sanctions to get Italy to leave (they did not)

In May, the Rome-Berlin Axis is formed by Hitler and Mussolini in a treaty of friendship

Both help Franco in Spain

In the U.S. it’s all about neutrality“no arms, ammunition or weapons of war” to nations in conflictNo one wanted to repeat WWISlide16

Hitler Plunges Europe into War

Winston Churchill becomes

Prime Minister in Great Britain

Along with France, no more German

territorial demands would be tolerated

August, 1939: Hitler signs a Non-Aggression Pact with StalinNeither would attack the otherDivide PolandSeptember, 1939: Hitler invades PolandBlitzkrieg (lightning war) tacticsGreat Britain and France declare war on GermanySlide17
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Hitler turns his attention to the West

France mobilizes along the Maginot Line and in the Low Countries (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg)Slide19

British forces cross the English Channel to help

The “phony war” begins then ends in April 1940 with German surprise attacks in northern and western Europe

338,000 British troops

have to evacuate at

Dunkirk

June 1940 Paris falls to the Nazis while Italy declares war on Great Britain and France, too (they form the Axis Powers)A French “puppet government” is formed in VichySlide20

Britain Stands Alone

The Blitz

Began with the bombing of London

for 57 consecutive nights

By the end of May 1941, over 43,000

civilians, half of them in London, had been killed by bombing and more than a million houses were destroyed or damaged in London aloneThe R.A.F saved the dayBy the Spring of 1941, Hitler realizes he cannot knock out Great BritainSlide21

Americans Move Away from Isolationism

Japan joins Germany and Italy in an alliance of mutual support

The Tripartite Pact signed in September 1940

Now who would have to fight a two front war?

Selective Service and Training Act (1940)

1st peacetime draft in American historyLend-Lease to Great Britain (lend, not sell, arms)Atlantic Charter (FDR and Churchill)Promise not to use war to expand territoryReaffirm a belief in self-governmentMerchant ships arm themselves and sail to BritainSlide22

“Yesterday, December 7

th

, a date which will live in infamy…” - F.D.R.

Japan had tried to establish

a “new order in East Asia”

The U.S. responded with aidto Japan’s enemies, blockingexports (oil), freezing Japanese assets in U.S. banksAt Pearl Harbor, 300 Japanese bombers and fighter planes sank or damaged 18 American ships and 300 aircraft2400 Americans killed, 1200 woundedSlide23
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CHAPTER 35: The Impact of World War II on Americans

What kinds of opportunities and hardships did the war create for Americans at home and abroad?Slide26

Organizing the American Economy for War

The War Production Board

The goal: make America the “arsenal of democracy” with conversions of industry

Automakers would now make airplanes and tanks

Other workers would retrain workers for wartime tasks

G.D.P. (gross domestic product) rises rapidlyThe National War Labor Board mediates disputes between union leaders and business owners Government spending rises to new levelsTaxes account for 45% (“withholding” is introduced)War bonds help in financing the warSlide27

Price controls are needed (

Office of Price Administration

)

People were back to work earning money

Goods were scarce because of the war effort

Too much money chasing too few goods = inflationRationing was necessaryGasoline, tires, sugar, foodAmericans received coupon books to limit consumptionUniversity of North Carolina websiteWar funding comes from taxes and borrowing (bonds) just like WWISlide28

American G.I.’s (government issue) Go To War

1,500,000 troops by Pearl Harbor

Eager volunteers joined the draftees to fight

Immigrants wanted to show they were truly Americans

8 weeks of intense training then combat

Fear, loneliness, homesickness, boredom once deployedPhysical, emotional and mental wounds surface during and afterAn appreciation for American ideals after viewing the abuses of the European dictators, pride and loyalty, tooSlide29

The Internment of Japanese-Americans

Were they loyal? Sabotage? Did their spies cause Pearl Harbor?

“Enemy Aliens” (Germans, Italians, Japanese immigrants) had to register with the

government and carry

identification

The Japanese-Americans didnot have political power and were potentially more easily recognizedExecutive Order 9066 (February 1942) goes into effect and even native

born Japanese-Americans are sent to internment camps inlandSlide30

Korematsu

v. U.S.

Fred

Korematsu

as a

native born citizen whodisobeyed the law andappealed it all the way to the Supreme CourtThe Court upheld the decision on the grounds that a group’s civil rights can be set aside in time of war100,000 were forced to relocate into guarded “barracks”442nd Regimental Combat team was an all-Japanese unitSlide31

Women and World War II

(“Rosie the Riveter”)

New opportunities because of

the demand for workers

Still faced hostility in male-

dominated businessesWere expected to completetheir “domestic” dutiesWAC (Women’s Army Corps)WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service – Navy)Slide32

African-Americans and WWII

The Double V Campaign: Victory for

democracy at home and abroad

Black G.I.’s were segregated and were

not permitted in combat (at first)

Tuskegee Airmenthere were many people who thought that black men lacked intelligence, skill, courage and patriotism.Bomber escorts and direct combatThe only fighter group to never lose a bomber to enemy planesSlide33

African-Americans and WWII

At the same time Executive Order 9066 inters Japanese-Americans, Executive Order 8802 outlaws discrimination against African-Americans in the defense industry

A.Philip

Randolph had threatened a march on Washington if black civil rights were not protected

The Great Migration continued to northern industrial cities

Blacks may have escaped the South but not racismThe National Urban League fought for equal opportunities in housing and employmentThe Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) confronted discrimination with nonviolent resistanceSlide34

Jewish Americans and WWII

Nazi persecution of Jews in Germany began in 1933 as soon as Hitler rose to power

Kristallnacht

(“night of broken glass”) occurred in 1938 when mobs burned Jewish synagogues and businesses

90 Jews were killed and 30,000 were sent to concentration campsThe 1924 National Origins Act restricted immigration into the U.S. (remember the nativism and lack of tolerance during the 1920’s?)Anti-Semitism (anti-Jewish sentiment) led to a lack of support for European JewsThe War Refugee Board was created in 1944 to finally help Jewish refugeesSlide35

Mexican Americans and WWII

Discrimination had barred many Mexicans from better jobs in the United States

During the war, laborers were needed

The

bracero

program allowed short term work contracts to be filled by Mexicans in the farms and on the railroadsJune 1943: Zoot suit riotsZoot suits were associated with Mexican teenagers (pachucos) and gangs who roamed barrios

(neighborhoods) in Los AngelesMobs of sailors and marines sought out Mexicans and others wearing a

zoot

suit and beat them

Another example of racial prejudice and intoleranceSlide36

CHAPTER 36:

Fighting World War II

What military strategies did the United States and its allies pursue to defeat the Axis Powers in World War II?Slide37

The Situation in Europe in December 1941

Europe or the Pacific, first? (“Europe First”)

Germany had attacked the USSR and was pushing toward Moscow and the oil-rich

Caucacus

Region

Hitler needed oil and needed to keep oil out of Allied handsIrwin Rommel (“The Desert Fox” of the Afrika Korps) would help him control N. AfricaMilitary rule by the Nazis was harsh in EuropeSlide38

The Situation in Europe in December 1941

The “final solution” to the “Jewish question” was underway

Jews were crowded into ghettos (small sections of cities) that could be guarded

Starvation and disease killed thousands

Others were sent to concentration camps and executed with poison gasSlide39

The War in Europe

Where to attack first?

In North Africa and move into Italy?

In France and stage forces in Great Britain?

In the USSR and help our new ally, the Soviets?

November 1942 the US invades northern AfricaLed by Generals Bradley and Patton, Axis resistance collapses by May 1943Italy surrenders in September but Germans there fight fiercely to keep the US outThe USSR fights alone and turns the tide at Stalingrad200,000 Germans and 1 million Soviets dieGeography, climate and population doom the NazisSlide40

The War in Europe

Meanwhile the American pilots rely on precision bombing of Axis targets while the British pilots rely on saturation bombing

The decision was made NOT to bomb Auschwitz (the largest concentration camp) or others

They were afraid of killing Jews being held

June 6, 1944: D-Day

The Allies invade Normandy, France and begin the push east into GermanyMeanwhile the Soviets push west and liberate the camps where the true horrors of the holocaust are discovered.Genocide = the systematic killing of a racial, political or cultural groupSlide41

The War in Europe Comes to an End

The Battle of the Bulge (December 1944)

Hitler makes one last

counteroffensive in Belgium

where the line bends but does

not breakApril, 1945With the Soviets near Berlin, Hitler commits suicideFDR dies and Harry Truman becomes president

May 8, 1945: VE Day (Victory in Europe)Slide42

The War in the Pacific

Pearl Harbor destroyed the Pacific fleet and that allowed Japan to further consolidate power in the Pacific

In March 1942, MacArthur and Filipino fighters left the Philippines after defeat by the Japanese (“I shall return!”)

7000 American prisoners die on the 63 mile “Bataan Death March” at the hands of the Japanese

Japan controlled all of the Chinese coast but in the Battle of the Coral Sea the American navy led by Admiral Chester Nimitz defeated the Japanese navy (May 1942) and the Japanese did not expand into Australia

Meanwhile, James Doolittle and the American Air Force were bombing TokyoSlide43

The War in the Pacific

The “Europe First” strategy hurt American commanders in the Pacific

The policy of island-hopping (leapfrogging) is adopted

One by one, the American navy and marines would liberate Japanese-held islands moving us closer to mainland Japan

Sometimes an island could be skipped, isolating it from others leading to eventual surrender when supplies ran out

At the Battle of Midway (June 1942) the Japanese went on the offensive to eliminate the American navy and failedThe Japanese never fully recovered and moved to a defensive stand for the rest of the warSlide44
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The War in the Pacific

MacArthur does return to the Philippines in October 1944

Iwo Jima and Okinawa would

bring the U.S. even closer to

Japan for invasion

Nearly all of Japan’s 22,000 soldiers die defending Iwo Jima and 6800 Americans die in taking the islandAt Okinawa, bloody combat claimed the lives of 12,000Americans and 100,000 JapaneseKamikaze pilots become a newconcernSlide46
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The Manhattan Project

German American scientist Albert Einstein made FDR aware of the destructive power of nuclear bombs

By the summer of 1945,

the top secret “Manhattan

Project” produced an

atomic weaponDoes the U.S. use it or not?Perhaps 500,000 Americans die if Japan is invaded

Many Japanese civilians would die in the aftermathThe Japanese would not accept unconditional surrender and they showed their determination to fight at Iwo Jima, Okinawa and with kamikaze pilotsSlide48

August 6, 1945

The

Enola Gay

drops the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima

80,000 people die

August 9, 1945A second bomb is dropped on Nagasaki40,000 people dieIt is estimated a total of 250,000 died as a result of the blast or by burns, radiation poisoning or cancerAugust 14, 1945: V-J DaySlide49