CARBON CYCLE 2: biome storage WJEC Focus Box 3.1.7
Description: CARBON CYCLE 2: biome storage WJEC Focus Box 3.1.7 Eduqas Focus Box 2.1.7 We are grateful to Hodder for their permission to use the diagrams in this resource. Carbon Cycle 2 Ecosystem carbon storage When human activity is taken into
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slide1. CARBON CYCLE 2: biome storage WJEC Focus Box 3.1.7
Eduqas Focus Box 2.1.7 We are grateful to Hodder for their permission to use the diagrams in this resource.<br>
slide2. Carbon Cycle 2 Ecosystem carbon storage When human activity is taken into account, the total amount of carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere is estimated to be approximately 3,000 GtC
Carbon is an essential plant macronutrient and makes up approximately 44 per cent of the dry weight of plant biomass
Organic carbon is stored in the biomass, leaf litter and soil of terrestrial ecosystems and biomes Class activity
Using prior knowledge, discuss the varying plant characteristics of different biomes, and the implications of this for carbon storage<br>
slide3. Carbon Cycle 2 Ecosystem carbon storage Class activity
Why is the biomass (and carbon storage) of animals much smaller than the plant biomass in an ecosystem?<br>
slide4. Carbon Cycle 2 Global biomes Class activity
Describe and explain the distribution of (1) tropical rainforest (2) temperate grassland (c) Hodder Education [AQA A-level Geography (Skinner)]<br>
slide5. Carbon Cycle 2 Tropical rainforest (1) Class activity
The tropical rainforest has five layers of vegetation. What are the characteristics of these layers? Rainforest NPP averages around 2500 grams per square metre per year, and the biomass is 700 tonnes per hectare; this reflects optimum climatic conditions
In total, 550 GtC is stored in tropical rainforest biomass and soil
Large forest trees store 180 tonnes of carbon per hectare above ground and 40 tonnes of carbon per hectare in their roots<br>
slide6. Carbon Cycle 2 Tropical rainforest (2) Class activity
The diagram shows the proportional size of carbon stores in the tropical rainforest; describe and explain the differences shown<br>
slide7. Carbon Cycle 2 Temperate grassland (1) Class activity
Research task: what are the main characteristics of the vegetation in temperate grassland world regions? The lack of rainfall is a major limiting factor preventing the growth of thick forest cover. Instead, short perennial (long-lived) grasses dominates the landscape
In total, 185 GtC is stored in temperate grassland biomass and soil; temperate grassland typically stores 2-10 tonnes of carbon per hectare above ground and double this amount is stored below ground as roots
The soil carbon store (consisting of humus, as opposed to living roots) averages around 100-200 tonnes of carbon per hectare<br>
slide8. Carbon Cycle 2 Temperate grassland (2) Class activity
The diagram shows the proportional size of carbon stores in the temperate grassland; describe and explain the differences shown<br>
slide9. Carbon Cycle 2 Deforestation and carbon storage Huge areas of Amazonia have been cleared for commercial agriculture: deforestation averaged around 17,500 km2 per year 1970 -2013
Major crops such as soya beans are grown on old rainforest soils in Brazil; the biomass of soya crop cover is 2.7 tonnes per hectare compared with 180 tonnes per hectare for virgin rainforest
Oil palm cultivation takes place at the expense of tropical rainforest cover. Class activity
What are the implications of rainforest removal for the operation of different carbon stores and flows?<br>
slide10. Carbon Cycle 2 Deforestation and carbon storage Class activity
The diagram shows the proportional change in carbon stores and flows following rainforest removal. Describe and explain the changes shown (c) Hodder Education [AQA A-level Geography (Skinner)]<br>
slide11. Carbon Cycle 2 Afforestation and carbon storage Class activity
Who could carry out afforestation? Think of different scales of action, from citizens to governments New trees act as carbon sinks and can therefore help with climate change mitigation
New monoculture of commercial trees, such as coniferous plantations in the UK, can increase carbon storage if it replaces grassland
However, plantations store less carbon than natural forest because monoculture forest lacks biodiversity and provides few habitats for other species<br>
slide12. Carbon Cycle 2 Agriculture and carbon storage Clearing natural vegetation for agriculture brings a large reduction in carbon storage; in many farmed areas, soil carbon levels have fallen by 50 per cent
Soil erosion occurred in the USA during the 1920s and 1930s . In the Great Plains, wind erosion stripped the top soil from 65 million hectares of over-cultivated land, leading to an enormous loss of soil carbon storage capacity Class activity
What techniques could farmers use to improve carbon storage? Think of irrigation, fertilisers or other actions<br>
slide13. Carbon Cycle 2 Plenary Carbon storage varies between biomes
Climatic controls including temperature, precipitation and light are responsible for the large biomass carbon store in tropical rainforest and the large soil carbon store in temperate grassland
Deforestation has been occurring for thousands of years and has reduced carbon storage at both national and global scales
Afforestation can help with climate change mitigation by increasing carbon sequestration and storage
Agriculture has both negative and positive effects on carbon storage and flows<br>
Eduqas Focus Box 2.1.7 We are grateful to Hodder for their permission to use the diagrams in this resource.<br>
slide2. Carbon Cycle 2 Ecosystem carbon storage When human activity is taken into account, the total amount of carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere is estimated to be approximately 3,000 GtC
Carbon is an essential plant macronutrient and makes up approximately 44 per cent of the dry weight of plant biomass
Organic carbon is stored in the biomass, leaf litter and soil of terrestrial ecosystems and biomes Class activity
Using prior knowledge, discuss the varying plant characteristics of different biomes, and the implications of this for carbon storage<br>
slide3. Carbon Cycle 2 Ecosystem carbon storage Class activity
Why is the biomass (and carbon storage) of animals much smaller than the plant biomass in an ecosystem?<br>
slide4. Carbon Cycle 2 Global biomes Class activity
Describe and explain the distribution of (1) tropical rainforest (2) temperate grassland (c) Hodder Education [AQA A-level Geography (Skinner)]<br>
slide5. Carbon Cycle 2 Tropical rainforest (1) Class activity
The tropical rainforest has five layers of vegetation. What are the characteristics of these layers? Rainforest NPP averages around 2500 grams per square metre per year, and the biomass is 700 tonnes per hectare; this reflects optimum climatic conditions
In total, 550 GtC is stored in tropical rainforest biomass and soil
Large forest trees store 180 tonnes of carbon per hectare above ground and 40 tonnes of carbon per hectare in their roots<br>
slide6. Carbon Cycle 2 Tropical rainforest (2) Class activity
The diagram shows the proportional size of carbon stores in the tropical rainforest; describe and explain the differences shown<br>
slide7. Carbon Cycle 2 Temperate grassland (1) Class activity
Research task: what are the main characteristics of the vegetation in temperate grassland world regions? The lack of rainfall is a major limiting factor preventing the growth of thick forest cover. Instead, short perennial (long-lived) grasses dominates the landscape
In total, 185 GtC is stored in temperate grassland biomass and soil; temperate grassland typically stores 2-10 tonnes of carbon per hectare above ground and double this amount is stored below ground as roots
The soil carbon store (consisting of humus, as opposed to living roots) averages around 100-200 tonnes of carbon per hectare<br>
slide8. Carbon Cycle 2 Temperate grassland (2) Class activity
The diagram shows the proportional size of carbon stores in the temperate grassland; describe and explain the differences shown<br>
slide9. Carbon Cycle 2 Deforestation and carbon storage Huge areas of Amazonia have been cleared for commercial agriculture: deforestation averaged around 17,500 km2 per year 1970 -2013
Major crops such as soya beans are grown on old rainforest soils in Brazil; the biomass of soya crop cover is 2.7 tonnes per hectare compared with 180 tonnes per hectare for virgin rainforest
Oil palm cultivation takes place at the expense of tropical rainforest cover. Class activity
What are the implications of rainforest removal for the operation of different carbon stores and flows?<br>
slide10. Carbon Cycle 2 Deforestation and carbon storage Class activity
The diagram shows the proportional change in carbon stores and flows following rainforest removal. Describe and explain the changes shown (c) Hodder Education [AQA A-level Geography (Skinner)]<br>
slide11. Carbon Cycle 2 Afforestation and carbon storage Class activity
Who could carry out afforestation? Think of different scales of action, from citizens to governments New trees act as carbon sinks and can therefore help with climate change mitigation
New monoculture of commercial trees, such as coniferous plantations in the UK, can increase carbon storage if it replaces grassland
However, plantations store less carbon than natural forest because monoculture forest lacks biodiversity and provides few habitats for other species<br>
slide12. Carbon Cycle 2 Agriculture and carbon storage Clearing natural vegetation for agriculture brings a large reduction in carbon storage; in many farmed areas, soil carbon levels have fallen by 50 per cent
Soil erosion occurred in the USA during the 1920s and 1930s . In the Great Plains, wind erosion stripped the top soil from 65 million hectares of over-cultivated land, leading to an enormous loss of soil carbon storage capacity Class activity
What techniques could farmers use to improve carbon storage? Think of irrigation, fertilisers or other actions<br>
slide13. Carbon Cycle 2 Plenary Carbon storage varies between biomes
Climatic controls including temperature, precipitation and light are responsible for the large biomass carbon store in tropical rainforest and the large soil carbon store in temperate grassland
Deforestation has been occurring for thousands of years and has reduced carbon storage at both national and global scales
Afforestation can help with climate change mitigation by increasing carbon sequestration and storage
Agriculture has both negative and positive effects on carbon storage and flows<br>