CYTOLOGY LESSON -9 By JITENDER YADAV INSP/PH Upon
Description: CYTOLOGY LESSON -9 By JITENDER YADAV INSPPH Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to: List of CYTOLOGY TEST: FNAC PAP . FNAC (Fine needle aspiration cytology) Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of
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slide1. CYTOLOGY LESSON -9 By
JITENDER YADAV
INSP/PH<br>
slide2. Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
List of CYTOLOGY TEST:
FNAC
PAP
.<br>
slide3. FNAC (Fine needle aspiration cytology)
Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of granulomatous lymphadenitis
INTRODUCTION
The use of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the investigation of lymphadenopathy has become an acceptable and widely practiced minimally invasive technique, which is safe, simple, rapid and relatively pain-free. FNAC is highly cost effective and accurate as a first line investigative technique with differential diagnoses including reactive hyperplasia/inflammatory conditions, granulomatous disorders and malignancy, stratifying cases requiring further investigations, surgical intervention or clinical follow-up. We report our experience of 22 cases of granulomatous inflammation diagnosed by FNAC.<br>
slide4. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Patients with superficial nodes were referred to a Head and Neck clinic for physical examination and further assessment. Routine FNAC was performed by the attending pathologist. Aspiration of superficial enlarged lymph nodes was performed free hand using a 23 G needle mounted on a Cameco handle. Both air-dried and wet-fixed slides were prepared. The air-dried smears were immediately stained with Speedy-Diff (Clin-tech) and the adequacy of diagnostic material assessed. Results of FNAC were available on the day of examination<br>
slide5. Granulomata are recognized cytologically by observing aggregates of histiocytes with, and without, associated multinucleated giant cells. A dirty necrotic background would suggest caseation and possibly tuberculosis. In cases where an infective a etiology was thought likely, needle washings were sent for bacteriological culture and sensitivity. If TB was suspected, an additional sample was sent for culture and slides were also stained with auramine-rhodamine or Ziehl-Neelsen methods to detect acid fast bacilli (AFB) directly.<br>
slide6. Results:
Fourteen cases (64%) underwent surgical biopsy for histological assessment. a definitive diagnosis on FNAC with ancillary investigations was achieved in 82% (18 out of 22) of the cases: four Hodgkin's lymphoma, two non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), five tuberculosis (TB), two toxoplasmosis, one sarcoidosis and four benign reactive changes<br>
slide7. PAP SMEAR:
Â
The Papanicolaou test (also called Pap smear, Pap test, cervical smear, or smear test) is a screening test used to detect potentially pre-cancerous and cancerous processes in the endocervical canal (transformation zone) of the female reproductive system. Changes can be treated, thus preventing cervical cancer.<br>
slide8. Procedure:
For best results, a Pap test should not occur when a woman is menstruating. However, Pap smears can be performed during a woman's menstrual period, especially if the physician is using a liquid-based test; if bleeding is extremely heavy, endometrial cells can obscure cervical cells, and it is therefore inadvisable to have a Pap smear if bleeding Cervix in relation to upper part of vagina and posterior portion of uterus is excessive.<br>
slide10. The health care worker begins by inserting a speculum into the woman's vagina, which spreads the vagina open and allows access to the cervix. The health care provider then collects a sample of cells from the outer opening or os of the cervix by scraping it with an Aylesbury spatula. An endocervical brush is rotated in the central opening of the cervix. The cells are placed on a glass slide and taken to the laboratory to be checked for abnormalities.
A plastic-fronded broom is sometimes used in place of the spatula and brush. The broom is not as good a collection device, since it is much less effective at collecting endocervical material than the spatula and brush.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap_test - cite_note-17#cite_note-17 The broom is used more frequently with the advent of liquid-based cytology, although either type of collection device may be used with either type of cytology.<br>
slide11. ANY QUESTION
?<br>
slide12. THANKS<br>
JITENDER YADAV
INSP/PH<br>
slide2. Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:
List of CYTOLOGY TEST:
FNAC
PAP
.<br>
slide3. FNAC (Fine needle aspiration cytology)
Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the diagnosis of granulomatous lymphadenitis
INTRODUCTION
The use of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the investigation of lymphadenopathy has become an acceptable and widely practiced minimally invasive technique, which is safe, simple, rapid and relatively pain-free. FNAC is highly cost effective and accurate as a first line investigative technique with differential diagnoses including reactive hyperplasia/inflammatory conditions, granulomatous disorders and malignancy, stratifying cases requiring further investigations, surgical intervention or clinical follow-up. We report our experience of 22 cases of granulomatous inflammation diagnosed by FNAC.<br>
slide4. MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Patients with superficial nodes were referred to a Head and Neck clinic for physical examination and further assessment. Routine FNAC was performed by the attending pathologist. Aspiration of superficial enlarged lymph nodes was performed free hand using a 23 G needle mounted on a Cameco handle. Both air-dried and wet-fixed slides were prepared. The air-dried smears were immediately stained with Speedy-Diff (Clin-tech) and the adequacy of diagnostic material assessed. Results of FNAC were available on the day of examination<br>
slide5. Granulomata are recognized cytologically by observing aggregates of histiocytes with, and without, associated multinucleated giant cells. A dirty necrotic background would suggest caseation and possibly tuberculosis. In cases where an infective a etiology was thought likely, needle washings were sent for bacteriological culture and sensitivity. If TB was suspected, an additional sample was sent for culture and slides were also stained with auramine-rhodamine or Ziehl-Neelsen methods to detect acid fast bacilli (AFB) directly.<br>
slide6. Results:
Fourteen cases (64%) underwent surgical biopsy for histological assessment. a definitive diagnosis on FNAC with ancillary investigations was achieved in 82% (18 out of 22) of the cases: four Hodgkin's lymphoma, two non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), five tuberculosis (TB), two toxoplasmosis, one sarcoidosis and four benign reactive changes<br>
slide7. PAP SMEAR:
Â
The Papanicolaou test (also called Pap smear, Pap test, cervical smear, or smear test) is a screening test used to detect potentially pre-cancerous and cancerous processes in the endocervical canal (transformation zone) of the female reproductive system. Changes can be treated, thus preventing cervical cancer.<br>
slide8. Procedure:
For best results, a Pap test should not occur when a woman is menstruating. However, Pap smears can be performed during a woman's menstrual period, especially if the physician is using a liquid-based test; if bleeding is extremely heavy, endometrial cells can obscure cervical cells, and it is therefore inadvisable to have a Pap smear if bleeding Cervix in relation to upper part of vagina and posterior portion of uterus is excessive.<br>
slide10. The health care worker begins by inserting a speculum into the woman's vagina, which spreads the vagina open and allows access to the cervix. The health care provider then collects a sample of cells from the outer opening or os of the cervix by scraping it with an Aylesbury spatula. An endocervical brush is rotated in the central opening of the cervix. The cells are placed on a glass slide and taken to the laboratory to be checked for abnormalities.
A plastic-fronded broom is sometimes used in place of the spatula and brush. The broom is not as good a collection device, since it is much less effective at collecting endocervical material than the spatula and brush.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap_test - cite_note-17#cite_note-17 The broom is used more frequently with the advent of liquid-based cytology, although either type of collection device may be used with either type of cytology.<br>
slide11. ANY QUESTION
?<br>
slide12. THANKS<br>