Enhancing water, food and income security through
Description: Enhancing water, food and income security through Farm Ponds Meghna Mukherjee Nirmalya Choudhury Contents Setting the Context Methodology Findings Conclusion Setting the Context Jharkhand Agriculture Jharkhands demography predominantly
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slide1. Enhancing water, food and income security through Farm Ponds Meghna Mukherjee
Nirmalya Choudhury<br>
slide2. Contents Setting the Context
Methodology
Findings
Conclusion<br>
slide3. Setting the Context<br>
slide4. Jharkhand Agriculture Jharkhand’s demography predominantly (76%) rural and majority (63%) engaged in agriculture (Census 2011);
NAFIS (2018) survey: 87% rural, says 51% household could be classified as “agriculture household”.
Between 2012-13 and 2016-17, Agriculture's contribution in overall economy hover around 15% in Jharkhand, in India around 20% (Economic Survey 2018, RBI 2017).
Low net sown area, high current fallows and low Cropping Intensity.
High Rainfall (Jharkhand: 1300 mm) but skewed (JJAS-Jharkhand:84%, India:77%) In situ water harvesting structure –farm ponds – become important<br>
slide5. Implementation process Farm Ponds promoted by TSRDS in Kolhan region<br>
slide6. Methodology<br>
slide7. Purpose: Assessment of the effectiveness of farm ponds on the livelihoods and life of the people (farm pond owners) using a sequential mixed method strategy.<br>
slide8. Economic Impact:
Agriculture Diversification – Herfindahl Index,
Agriculture Intensification – Cropping Intensity
Surplus Generated from farm-based livelihoods Comparative analysis:
Farm pond size,
Social categories (SC, ST, OBC) Did the benefits had an effect on :
Health,
Sanitation,
Drinking water,
Cooking fuel Financial Analysis:
B-C ratio,
Payback period
IRR Metrics for Analysis<br>
slide9. Findings<br>
slide10. Ownership, Location and Water retention capacity<br>
slide11. Crop Intensification and Yield Stabilisation Paddy in Jharkhand:
70% of the gross cropped area
3% of the cultivated area is irrigated
2002-2011: India 2.1T/Ha Jharkhand 1.5T/ha
Target as per State 12th FIVE YEAR PLAN (2012-17 :
Paddy Yield of 3T/Ha
Cropping Intensity 150% ***p<.01 **p<.05 ***p<.01 Post-intervention:
Increase in agriculture intensification
Enhanced paddy yield
Increased food security
Increased marketable surplus<br>
slide12. Crop Diversification Post-Intervention:
Increase in crop diversification
Increased diversification is high in midland and upland
Lowland continues to be under paddy cultivation
Higher diversification among OBC and SC farmers compared to the ST farmers ***p<.01<br>
slide13. Crop Diversification Crop Diversification is high for following farm pond sizes:
100*100*10
150*150*10
80*80*10<br>
slide14. Increasing risk within the (agri) system? Price Fluctuation of Crops (in Rs)<br>
slide15. Livestock, Fisheries and Dietary changes With the advent of farm ponds:
Fisheries have got a fillip – initially on their own and now by implementing organization.
Marginal increase in livestock (cow, goat and poultry).
Farm pond a source for drinking water for the livestock.
Income enhancement through sale of meat and milk
Meat and milk has been a part of the diet “Every Sunday we have fish and rice. Earlier we had to get it from the weekly market, but now we just go to our pond and catch a fish for our meal.” - a farmer in Bhula village of Boram block in East Singhbhum district.<br>
slide16. Income from Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries **p<.05, ***p<.01 Income from agriculture and fisheries have increased.
Marginal decline in the income from livestock.
Income enhancement potential varied with variation in the pond size.
80*80*10 showed maximum income enhancement potential. Income from Agriculture Income from Fisheries<br>
slide17. Financial Analysis Financial analysis restricted to farm ponds constructed in 2015-16.
Benefits: Sum of additional income from agriculture, livestock and fisheries, resulting from the intervention.
Benefits – Inclusive of quantity used for self-consumption
B-C ratio and payback period calculated w.r.t. different pond sizes IRR
Scenario 1: Business as Usual
Scenario 2: Every second year the income reduces by 50%
Scenario 3: Every second year the income reduces by 50% and once in every five years an amount equivalent to 40% of the capital cost is spent for pond maintenance. Overall: 21% (S-1), 15% (S-2) and 11% (S-3) 80*80*10 shows highest IRR<br>
slide18. Towards a Better Quality of Life? Sanitation:
40% of the respondents reported having a toilet
OD is high among the respondents.
NSSO (2016): 19% of household had sanitary toilets Clean cooking fuel:
80% of the respondents use fuelwood as cooking fuel Health facility:
One of four members in the household would fall sick
Travel somewhere around 18 kilometers to access the nearest health facility
45% respondents reported that health problems would result in loss of labor days Drinking Water:
Handpump: Drinking and Cooking
Farm Pond: Bathing and Washing
No secured bathing place
But reduction in drudgery with advent of farm ponds “Earlier we used to go to the stream which is at least 2kms away from my house. Because of this I used to take bath on alternate days. But now the farm ponds is near to my house. I am able to take bath daily now.” - A woman of Sargu village in Ghurabanda block.<br>
slide19. Conclusion<br>
slide20. Conclusion Farm ponds have transformed from insitu rainwater harvesting structure to intermediate storage to aid intensive groundwater extraction (Kale 2017)
Yet to be observed in this study.
Farm ponds have brought a plethora of changes – intensification, diversification, food security and marketable surplus.
Risk within the agrarian system – high price fluctuations – is increasing.
“Beyond the farm” - improve storage facility, strengthening market linkages, packaging and value addition – is becoming increasingly important.<br>
slide21. Conclusion Among the social groups the ST farmers are yet to benefit as much as much as the SC and OBC farmers.
Social impact chequered – income enhancement does not automatically translate into higher QoL
Safe sanitation, clean energy and access of health care seems to elude the otherwise income rich farmers.
Improved access to drinking water, water for domestic use and dietary improvement.<br>
slide22. Thank You<br>
Nirmalya Choudhury<br>
slide2. Contents Setting the Context
Methodology
Findings
Conclusion<br>
slide3. Setting the Context<br>
slide4. Jharkhand Agriculture Jharkhand’s demography predominantly (76%) rural and majority (63%) engaged in agriculture (Census 2011);
NAFIS (2018) survey: 87% rural, says 51% household could be classified as “agriculture household”.
Between 2012-13 and 2016-17, Agriculture's contribution in overall economy hover around 15% in Jharkhand, in India around 20% (Economic Survey 2018, RBI 2017).
Low net sown area, high current fallows and low Cropping Intensity.
High Rainfall (Jharkhand: 1300 mm) but skewed (JJAS-Jharkhand:84%, India:77%) In situ water harvesting structure –farm ponds – become important<br>
slide5. Implementation process Farm Ponds promoted by TSRDS in Kolhan region<br>
slide6. Methodology<br>
slide7. Purpose: Assessment of the effectiveness of farm ponds on the livelihoods and life of the people (farm pond owners) using a sequential mixed method strategy.<br>
slide8. Economic Impact:
Agriculture Diversification – Herfindahl Index,
Agriculture Intensification – Cropping Intensity
Surplus Generated from farm-based livelihoods Comparative analysis:
Farm pond size,
Social categories (SC, ST, OBC) Did the benefits had an effect on :
Health,
Sanitation,
Drinking water,
Cooking fuel Financial Analysis:
B-C ratio,
Payback period
IRR Metrics for Analysis<br>
slide9. Findings<br>
slide10. Ownership, Location and Water retention capacity<br>
slide11. Crop Intensification and Yield Stabilisation Paddy in Jharkhand:
70% of the gross cropped area
3% of the cultivated area is irrigated
2002-2011: India 2.1T/Ha Jharkhand 1.5T/ha
Target as per State 12th FIVE YEAR PLAN (2012-17 :
Paddy Yield of 3T/Ha
Cropping Intensity 150% ***p<.01 **p<.05 ***p<.01 Post-intervention:
Increase in agriculture intensification
Enhanced paddy yield
Increased food security
Increased marketable surplus<br>
slide12. Crop Diversification Post-Intervention:
Increase in crop diversification
Increased diversification is high in midland and upland
Lowland continues to be under paddy cultivation
Higher diversification among OBC and SC farmers compared to the ST farmers ***p<.01<br>
slide13. Crop Diversification Crop Diversification is high for following farm pond sizes:
100*100*10
150*150*10
80*80*10<br>
slide14. Increasing risk within the (agri) system? Price Fluctuation of Crops (in Rs)<br>
slide15. Livestock, Fisheries and Dietary changes With the advent of farm ponds:
Fisheries have got a fillip – initially on their own and now by implementing organization.
Marginal increase in livestock (cow, goat and poultry).
Farm pond a source for drinking water for the livestock.
Income enhancement through sale of meat and milk
Meat and milk has been a part of the diet “Every Sunday we have fish and rice. Earlier we had to get it from the weekly market, but now we just go to our pond and catch a fish for our meal.” - a farmer in Bhula village of Boram block in East Singhbhum district.<br>
slide16. Income from Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries **p<.05, ***p<.01 Income from agriculture and fisheries have increased.
Marginal decline in the income from livestock.
Income enhancement potential varied with variation in the pond size.
80*80*10 showed maximum income enhancement potential. Income from Agriculture Income from Fisheries<br>
slide17. Financial Analysis Financial analysis restricted to farm ponds constructed in 2015-16.
Benefits: Sum of additional income from agriculture, livestock and fisheries, resulting from the intervention.
Benefits – Inclusive of quantity used for self-consumption
B-C ratio and payback period calculated w.r.t. different pond sizes IRR
Scenario 1: Business as Usual
Scenario 2: Every second year the income reduces by 50%
Scenario 3: Every second year the income reduces by 50% and once in every five years an amount equivalent to 40% of the capital cost is spent for pond maintenance. Overall: 21% (S-1), 15% (S-2) and 11% (S-3) 80*80*10 shows highest IRR<br>
slide18. Towards a Better Quality of Life? Sanitation:
40% of the respondents reported having a toilet
OD is high among the respondents.
NSSO (2016): 19% of household had sanitary toilets Clean cooking fuel:
80% of the respondents use fuelwood as cooking fuel Health facility:
One of four members in the household would fall sick
Travel somewhere around 18 kilometers to access the nearest health facility
45% respondents reported that health problems would result in loss of labor days Drinking Water:
Handpump: Drinking and Cooking
Farm Pond: Bathing and Washing
No secured bathing place
But reduction in drudgery with advent of farm ponds “Earlier we used to go to the stream which is at least 2kms away from my house. Because of this I used to take bath on alternate days. But now the farm ponds is near to my house. I am able to take bath daily now.” - A woman of Sargu village in Ghurabanda block.<br>
slide19. Conclusion<br>
slide20. Conclusion Farm ponds have transformed from insitu rainwater harvesting structure to intermediate storage to aid intensive groundwater extraction (Kale 2017)
Yet to be observed in this study.
Farm ponds have brought a plethora of changes – intensification, diversification, food security and marketable surplus.
Risk within the agrarian system – high price fluctuations – is increasing.
“Beyond the farm” - improve storage facility, strengthening market linkages, packaging and value addition – is becoming increasingly important.<br>
slide21. Conclusion Among the social groups the ST farmers are yet to benefit as much as much as the SC and OBC farmers.
Social impact chequered – income enhancement does not automatically translate into higher QoL
Safe sanitation, clean energy and access of health care seems to elude the otherwise income rich farmers.
Improved access to drinking water, water for domestic use and dietary improvement.<br>
slide22. Thank You<br>