04
Financial Factors Interest rate
Higher rate bring more money to earn the higher return
The opposite is true
Ease of capital flow:
Currency should rise if it is easy to move in and out without any restriction
Less risk (safe-haven) CPA candidate or student, visit:
www.farhatlectures.com<br>
05
Example Adam International Inc (A U.S. Based Co.) buys raw material from a Canadian supplier. The current exposure is 1,000,000 Canadian Dollars (CAD) due 60 days from now. The current (spot) rate is $1 to CAD 1.35.
As of today, Adam will need $740,740 (1,000,000/1.35) to satisfy this obligation.
Adam fears that Canadian dollars might strength and expected to be 1 to 1.20 in 60 days from. What can I Adam do?
If Adam does nothing and indeed the CAD strengthen to 1.20, Adam would lose 92,593 (833,333 -740,740) if that position is NOT hedged.
Write down this data! CPA candidate or student, visit:
www.farhatlectures.com<br>
06
Risk Exposure (summary) Export A/R (assets).
Risk….foreign currency weakened Risk
Importer A/P (liabilities)
Risk…foreign currency strengthen risk CPA candidate or student, visit:
www.farhatlectures.com<br>
07
Various Exposures (US Versus Europe) If domestic currency appreciate It benefits my A/P (liability)
More expensive for Europeans to buy U.S. Goods
If domestic currency appreciate It harms my A/R (asset)
Cheaper for U.S. Consumer/companies to buy foreign goods/supplies
If domestic currency depreciate It benefits my A/R (asset)
Less expensive for Europeans to buy U.S. Goods
More Europeans tourist in NYC!
If domestic currency depreciate It harms my A/P (liability)
More expensive for U.S. Consumer to buy foreign goods/supplies CPA candidate or student, visit:
www.farhatlectures.com<br>
08
If a US company has net cash outflows in a foreign currency, which of the following is correct?
The US company would benefit from a drop in value of the foreign currency.
The US company would benefit from an increase in value of the foreign currency.
The US company would suffer a loss from a decrease in value of the foreign currency.
The appreciation or depreciation of the foreign currency would be irrelevant. CPA candidate or student, visit:
www.farhatlectures.com<br>
09
Various Exposures (US Versus Europe)Review If domestic currency appreciate It benefits my A/P (liability)
More expensive for Europeans to buy U.S. Goods
If domestic currency appreciate It harms my A/R (asset)
Cheaper for U.S. Consumer/companies to buy foreign goods/supplies
If domestic currency depreciate It benefits my A/R (asset)
Less expensive for Europeans to buy U.S. Goods
More Europeans tourist in NYC!
If domestic currency depreciate It harms my A/P (liability)
More expensive for U.S. Consumer to buy foreign goods/supplies CPA candidate or student, visit:
www.farhatlectures.com<br>
10
Example Adam International Inc (A U.S. Based Co.) buys raw material from a Canadian supplier. The current exposure is 1,000,000 Canadian Dollars (CAD) due 60 days from now. The current (spot) rate is $1 to CAD 1.35.
As of today, Adam will need $740,740 (1,000,000/1.35) to satisfy this obligation.
Adam fears that Canadian dollars might strength and expected to be 1 to 1.20 in 60 days from. What can I Adam do?
If Adam does nothing and indeed the CAD strengthen to 1.20, Adam would lose 92,593 (833,333 -740,740) if that position is NOT hedged.
Write down this data! CPA candidate or student, visit:
www.farhatlectures.com<br>
11
How to mitigate the risk? What is my net exposure? Net asset or liability?
Is A/R > A/P or A/P > A/R?
Hedge your position==> (protect your exposure). Here’s are some instruments to use:
Forwards (private parties: customized)
Futures (exchange traded; standardized)
Options (calls and puts)
Swaps CPA candidate or student, visit:
www.farhatlectures.com<br>
12
Liability Exposure Future (forward) Hedge: Give the holder the right to buy or sell the foreign currency for a set future price on a future date.
Net A/P more import (Liability exposure)
What is my risk?
Foreign currency appreciating/local currency depreciating
How to hedge?
Buy the currency now if you have the money!
Invest the money with the same maturity in CAD
Assume I can earn 1%. I will only need 733,405 (740,740/1.01)
Borrow the money USD to buy the foreign currency today
Buy future/forward contract to buy the currency at a particular rate
Pay a fee to lock your price at 1.31.
1,000,000/1.31 = 763,358.77
Buy call option to purchase the currency CPA candidate or student, visit:
www.farhatlectures.com<br>
13
Call Option (liability Exposure) Limit my payout (risk) in a foreign currency.
Cap! Maximum amount I pay!
Call option will increase in value if foreign currency (Canadian) appreciate.
Spot rate: 1.35. Risk (expectations) is the currency strengthening to 1.20.
Premium .05 . Strike price is 1.25. Break-even 1.30 = 1.25 + .05
1,000,000/1.3 = 769,230 (max I have to pay).
Assume the spot price is CAD 1.50 (60 days later weakened of CAD)
1,000,000/1.50 = USD 666,666 (convert at this rate)
Let the option expire CPA candidate or student, visit:
www.farhatlectures.com<br>
14
Asset Exposure Switch the example to A/R of CAD 1,000,000
I expect the CAD to be weakened
Give the holder the right to buy or sell the foreign currency for a set future price on a future date.
Net A/R more export (asset)
What is my risk?
Foreign currency deprecating/local currency appreciating
How to hedge?
Factor (sell) the receivable now with a foreign bank and buy the local currency
Spot rate 1,000,000 /1.35 = 740,740 (received today)
Buy future/forward contract to sell the currency at a particular rate
Pay a fee to sell the currency at 1.30. I guarantee 769,230 (1,000,000 /1.30)
Buy a put to sell the currency CPA candidate or student, visit:
www.farhatlectures.com<br>
15
Put option (Asset exposure) Guarantee a certain amount of money from my receivable
Floor
Put option will increase in value if foreign currency (Canadian) depreciate.
Spot rate: 1.35. Risk is the currency weakening to 1.50.
Cost is .05. Strike price is 1.25 = Break-even 1.20 = 1.25 -.05
1,000,000/1.2 = 833,333
Assume the spot price is CAD 2.0 (60 days later weakened)
1,000,000/2 = 500,000
Exercise the option and receive 833,333 CPA candidate or student, visit:
www.farhatlectures.com<br>
16
Swaps A separate session CPA/EA candidate or student, visit:
www.farhatlectures.com<br>