Grow-out culture of Penaeus monodon Mr. Bhartendu

slide1. Grow-out culture of Penaeus monodon Mr. Bhartendu Vimal
Guest Faculty-Asst. Prof.
CoF, Kishanganj, BASU, Patna<br>
slide2. Outline Scientific Classification
Overview of the Grow-out Techniques
Production Cycle
Prawn Physiology
Geographical Location
Pond Preparation for Soil and Water
Soil and Water Management
Prawn Feed
Prawn Harvest
Diseases and Control Measures<br>
slide3. Kingdom Phylum Subphylum Class Order Suborder Family Genus Species Animalia Arthropoda Crustacea Malacostraca Decapoda Dendrobranchiata Penaeidae Penaeus
P. monodon
Binomial Name Penaeus monodon
Fabricius, 1798<br>
slide5. Wild broodstock Maturation tank (1-3 mo.) Re- maturation (eyestalk ablation)
spawning eggs (external fertilization) Spawning Nauplii (2 days) Nauplii
Hatchery (12-18 hrs) Protozoea (4.5 days)
Larval Rearing tank (26-31days)
Mysis (4 days)
Postlarvae Adult Intensive Semi-intensive Postlarvae (15-20 days) Wild seed Extensive Adult
Harvest Adult<br>
slide7. A. Embryo -start from fertilization period through (2,4,8,16,32 celled) morula,blastula, and gastrula up to hatching.
Fertilized Eggs<br>
slide8. B. Larva - planktonic in behavior occurring offshore. At this stage the 6th abdominal segment is relatively
longer than the carapace length. Newly hatched larvae- Nauplius Second stage Larvae- Zoea<br>
slide9. 3rd Stage _ Mysis 4th Stage _ Post larvae 1 and ½ old larvae<br>
slide10. C. Juvenile
transparent with dark brown
streak;
postlarva or fry in earlier stage;
fingerling in later stage;
start crawling using pereiopods;
swimming using pleopods;

start inhabit the brackish area, nursery ground. D. Adolescent body proportion same as adult;

sexes can be identified;

males possessing a jointed petasma;

females possessing adult- like thelycum.<br>
slide11. E. Sub- adult begin at the onset of sexual maturity,

male possessing spermatozoa in the terminal ampules

female possess spermatozoa in thelycum

spermatozoa by copulation F. Adult
completion of sexual maturity; male possess spermatozoa in paired terminal ampoules;

female start to spawn;

second and more copulations occur.<br>
slide12. Life cycle Spawner
Roe
Nauplius
Zoea
Mysis
Post larva
Fry
Adult<br>
slide13. Sex Differentiation

Courtship and Mating Behavior

Maturation Stages of Ovarian

Embryo

Larval Stage<br>
slide14. Lateral view of Adult Penaeus monodon with their Technical Terminology<br>
slide15. Prawn a- newly molted; majority blue and minority black color on shell white stripes across body segment.

Prawn b - second day after molting process stage, minority black color of the soft shell Prawn c- fourth day after the molting, shell is light green turn to very light blue color; light yellow color stripes on the body segment.

Prawn d- in the matured stage after molting, shell is hard and light green yellow color across the body.<br>
slide18. Soil Material
things found in the area;
houses, trees, and other things which cannot be moved.
Soil quality
kinds of soil e.g., sandy, clay, loam etc.;
directly affect prawn culture.

Soil gaseous
also soil heat;
hot gas that emits from earth surface; affect the water quality to change; temperature, color, growth of the microorganisms, and taste and smell in the water.<br>
slide19. Clay loam – very sticky; dike is not easily destroyed, however, pond bottom cannot absorb contaminated water that becomes acidic causing prawn sickness.
Mangrove type – worst kind of soil, has no advantages at all.
Sandy clay and sandy loan – most suitable for prawn culture as it has faster growth, most ideal pH and decreases the onset of prawn diseases.

Rocky type – has high pH, very difficult to control pond bottom as it easily causes algae and microorganism growth in pond bottom.<br>
slide20. Cost
cheap in terms of land, equipment, labor, management, construction materials.
Fry Availability nearby areas
Environmental Factors
Water; salinity (25-30ppt), temperature (25-30°C), pH (7-9), D.O. (5ppm); Soil pH (6.5 and above).
Geographical Location
free from flood and typhoon for continuous operation whole year round.<br>
slide21. Transportation
convenient and accessible to pond site.
Electrical power
must be adequately available.
Feeds, chemicals and medicines, and fertilizer can be supplied easily.
Peace and order good.
Pond site
free from water polluted sources such as industrial, agricultural and domestic wastes, etc.<br>
slide22. Pond site
situated above the highest tide of the river to avoid flood problems,
near the sea coast and river banks,
accessible to vehicle to facilitate transportation of fry, feeds, and other
materials from the pond to buyer’s station vice versa
Water source
from a river or sea from the deep wells,
free from all types of pollution.
Water quality
filtered through filtration system to get rid of all types of small aquatic life (small eggs, fishes, and shrimps).<br>
slide23. Pond preparation for soil and water<br>
slide24. Necessary specification of fry and water condition upon stocking.

Acclimation of the fry.

Water salinity, maximum difference in salinity is 2 ppt.

Water temperature, the maximum difference is 2°C.

Time of stocking; morning (6-9 am)[preferable], afternoon (5-9 pm).<br>
slide25. Paddle wheel must be activated;
at least 3 – 4 hours a day for 2-3 days before stocking date, and 3-4 hours before the stocking of fry,
to ensure adequate D.O.

Fry counting;
select any one bag and count the fry head. The total number of fry counted from this bag represent the quantity of the other uncounted bags.<br>
slide26. Fry acclimation important step before stocking fry to pond;

purpose is to make the both transport and pond water condition (temperature and salinity) to be same (or almost same) to minimize stress on the fry.<br>
slide27. Stocking time between 6-9 AM when the water temperature is low (around 26°C), avoid stocking during cloudy and rainy days to prevent D.O. problems.
Float the plastic bags containing the fry in the pond water for at least 15 – 20 minutes to equalize the water temperature in the bag and in the pond.
Open the bags carefully once the temperature difference is 1 –
2°C, ready to check the salinity.
If the salinity difference is within the range of 3- 5 ppt, then the fry are ready to be released into the pond.<br>
slide28. If the salinity and temperature difference between bag and pond are great, add pond water gradually into the plastic bags to about 1/3 of the total original volume, then let it stand for 10 – 15 minutes. Observe the behavior of the fry before releasing them into the pond.

In releasing, the fry should be distributed evenly throughout the pond to avoid overcrowding and cannibalism. A healthy fry will swim in different direction upon release into the pond.<br>
slide29. Medicines for the Prevention and Control of Prawn Diseases DAIMETIN
volcanic mineral design formulated for aquaculture
spread on ponds to purify and sanitize water
improves water quality by absorbing ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and other toxic pollutants.
TAN- PAX- SO
is a complete fertilizer (contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and other trace elements
improves growth of plankton and lablab.
applied on the pond bottom before water is allowed to enter
controls water pH.<br>
slide30. HAI- CHON- POR
organic chemical kills unwanted algae in water
fosters growth of harmful fungi, protozoa, and bacteria.
F.G.C. MYCIN
prawn medicine appears to be expensive
application rate is only 1 kilogram per hectare.<br>
slide31. Soil and Water Management (Intensive Method)<br>
slide32. feeding rate, DISSOLVED OXYGEN
D.O. 3-7 ppm- ideal D.O. concentrations
lower than 2 ppm D.O.- prawns are stressed
At 1 ppm D.O.- prawns died

Before Stocking:
aeration- begins several weeks before stocking to condition pond D.O.

Whole season:
D.O.- recorded in the morning and afternoon; (low D.O.- before sunrise, high D.O.- late afternoon)
6 AM and 4 PM- ideal D.O. checking times
D.O. decrease by 1ppm in 3 AM- aeration is needed shortly after midnight<br>
slide33. pH (potential hydrogen) 9.0 pH- prawns are stressed
above 9.5 pH- prawns died

increasing pH- caused by metabolism of microscopic plants (phytoplanktons), or
“ALGAL BLOOM”<br>
slide34. pH Cycle (Narrative) Bloom consumes CO2 through photosynthesis, since CO2 in water forms weak acid (low pH), as it is removed by photosynthesis, pond pH tends to rise at daytime. As sun goes down,
photosynthesis ceases, pH falls as plants doesn’t
utilized CO2.<br>
slide35. Factors affecting pH concentrations

How dense a phytoplankton bloom;
How well the water is buffered.<br>
slide36. pH Management continued… Before stocking:
Add 1-2 tons of agricultural lime- after the pond is built Whole season:
˂ 50 ppm pH- add agricultural lime at a rate of 1-2 tons/acre

Remember when you get a pH at 9.5, it is too late to look for things you needed.<br>
slide37. Practices in Lowering pH<br>
slide38. Ammonia Ammonia is produced from excreted wastes and feed decomposition.
ammonia toxicity, pH and temperature.

Restrictions on Total Ammonia
pH 9.0- total ammonia should not exceed at 1ppm
pH 8.0- total ammonia should not exceed at 2 ppm
0.3 ppm- toxic ammonia (un-ionized) should not exceed at this level<br>
slide39. Ammonia feeding rates, flushing amount of water

How does fertilizer helps lower the ammonia?
Fertilizer is added to water to enhance phytoplankton which can indirectly lower the ammonia by consuming it as a nutrient, however pH increases. Thus, it is important to control amount of fertilizers to be added.<br>
slide40. Nitrite 50 lbs of NaCl / acre-foot of pond volume- added at the start of growing season and maintained the whole season.
1 acre, 4 ft. depth pond- 4 sacks or packs × 50 lbs of NaCl= 11 ppm chloride
Above 3 ppm Nitrite- more salt is needed.<br>
slide41. Alkalinity and Hardness Total alkalinity – indicates quantity of base present in the water-bicarbonates, carbonates, phosphates, and hydroxides.
Hardness- overall concentration of divalent salts present (calcium, magnesium, and iron) but doesn’t identify which of these elements are source of hardness
pH- determination of whether water is acid, neutral, or base.
alkalinity- ability to resist large changes in pH (or buffering)
Ca and Mg- most common sources of water hardness<br>
slide42. Alkalinity
20 mg/ L of total alkalinity- lower than this, pH swings from 6-10.

50-150 mg/L- suggested range of total alkalinity concentrations.
Hardness
50-150 mg/L- suggested range of calcium hardness concentrations<br>
slide43. Why Calcium? Calcium hardness- is critical component of water hardness.
Calcium (Ca) – essential in biological processes of aquatic animals; molting process, affects the hardening of newly formed shell.
If all is well, prawns will stay on the bottom of the pond.<br>
slide44. Increasing Alkalinity and Hardness in Ponds<br>
slide45. Water Salinity the normal condition of salinity is between 15 ppt to 25 ppt. DAYS<br>
slide46. Temperature 25°C- 32°C – optimum temperature range for prawns
˂ 19°C and above 34°C – survival is shortened
13°C – death occurs quickly DAYS<br>
slide47. Prawn Feed<br>
slide48. Nutrient Requirement Formulated diet

Nutrient requirement of the formulated diet<br>
slide49. Characteristics of a Good Prawn Diet Provides essential nutrients in amounts specified in formulated diet.
Supplied in suitable combinations of ingredients.
Adequate in feed attractant.
Contains essential palatability.
Could digest and absorb the feed nutrients.
Has rich sources of amino acids, vitamins and minerals, sufficient calcium.
Doesn’t easily dissolve in water, could last for 12 hours without changing its shape.
Does not contaminate the water quality.<br>
slide50. Feed Quality Control Nutritional quality and the cost for different feed ingredients vary with wide ranges.
That is why it is necessary to analyze continuously the
quality of the feed produced and feed ingredient level to be used to assure that they correspond to the specification necessary in the feed formulations.<br>
slide51. Protein and Vitamin Supplements Protein – main essential nutrient for promoting health and maintain life. In general, the protein requirement for prawn feed is about 35 – 50%.

Lipid – functions; supply of energy, supply of essential fatty acid, economize in protein, digestive enzymes.

Carbohydrate – needed for producing energy. The amount of carbohydrate in the diet is about 20 – 30%.<br>
slide52. Energy – protein, lipid, and carbohydrate are decomposed, digested, and absorbed then produce energy for growth and metabolism. The energy rate is about 3 – 3.85 Kcal/g for prawn.

Vitamins – essential vitamins for P. monodon are Vitamin A, D, E, K, B1, B2, B6, B1, C, Niacin, folic acid, panthothenic acid, choline, inositol, biotin, etc.
Vitamin D – promote absorption of calcium and phosphorus and also involves in the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus to form the outer shell of the prawn.<br>
slide53. Vitamin E – maintains muscular and peripheral vascular system in normal state. Will prevent Vitamin A or lipid being oxidized and destroyed. Recommended ratio in the diet is about 280 – 500ppm.

Vitamin K – some function is related to co- enzyme Q for its structure is similar to the latter, acceptor on oxidative phosphorylation reaction for promoting metabolism. Recommended rate of vit. K is 10 – 20 ppm.
Inositol- functions is still not clear but if its lacking in the feed the prawn will lose its appetite or stop growing and cause some physiological diseases. Ratio for prawn feed is about 200 – 500 ppm.<br>
slide54. Copper – has a positive influence on the activity of he enzymes in the formulated diet, also an essential element for synthesis of blood – corpuscle protein in the prawn body. Content in the prawn diet is about 170-320 ppm.

Zinc – has important physiological function for some enzyme such as carbonic anhydrase, alkaline phosphatase.<br>
slide55. Types of Prawn Feed Natural food- Lab- lab, and other planktonic organisms.

Wet food such as trash fish, mussel meal etc., traditionally fed to growing prawns.

Artificial feeds are available for growth, and tested under laboratory and pond conditions.<br>
slide56. Why does Wet Foods are not used as full diet? Water quality is affected and cause unhealthy environment.

Survival rate is unpredictable.

Feed’s quality is inconsistent and is often nutritionally limited.

Their price fluctuates because their supply is highly variable.<br>
slide57. Advantages of Feed Pellets Sufficient and well- balanced additives vitamins, amino acids, minerals, and trace elements for the nutritional requirements.
Water quality is easily maintained.

Ability to hold its shape in water for at least 12 hours.

Can be made into different sizes, as small pellets for smaller prawns and big pellets for bigger prawns.

Pelletized feed are extremely stable and can be stored for a long period of time.<br>
slide58. Prawn Harvest<br>
slide59. Methods of Harvesting Prawn Traditional method- commonly applied by extensive, semi- extensive, and intensive system of culture in the Philippines

partial harvest- it is not necessary to drain the pond water if the quantity is small; the harvest procedure is simply throw over the cast net on the pond surface<br>
slide60. total harvest- following steps are followed by semi- intensive and intensive culture:
Reduce the water depth to 80 cm one day before the harvest date.
Harvest net is properly attached and installed into the water gate of the drain canal.
Remaining prawns left at the pond bottom can be harvested manually by hand picking them up.
Prepare two tanks half- filled with water, one tank is for washing and the other is for chilling the prawns.<br>
slide61. After washing the prawns it must be transferred immediately to the chilling tank.
From the chilling tank, prawns are transferred to the sorting table to classify them according to size.
Classified prawns are packed in styropor boxes with alternate layers of ice and prawns to preserve temporarily for transportation.<br>
slide62. Note: To avoid soft shell, the harvest time must be within 4 hours only. One day before harvest, check the prawn by using cast net if soft- shell is plenty, delay the harvest date 3-5 days to assure better quality. Electric shocker method- is commonly used in Taiwan and Japan especially for prawn harvest. It is composed of metal wire frame and drag- net battery and transformer. Installed in the frame are brass wires or rods composed of positive and negative electrodes installed alternately, the wiring is insulated against water.<br>
slide63. Diseases and Control Measures<br>
slide64. REFERENCES ᴥ Prawn Culture Scientific and Practical Approach, Dr.
Chen Kong Jung and Engr. William G. Co, Westpoint Aquaculture Corporation,1988.

ᴥKentucky State University Prawn Production Manual, Robert M. Durborow, Ph.D., Sid Dasgupta, Ph.D., William A. Wurts Ph.D., Forest Wynne, Leigh anne Bright, and Aaron VanArnum., Kentucky State University Aquaculture Program, 2002.

ᴥFisheries and Agriculture Organization Manual, 2006.<br>