Health Problems of School Children and Youth

slide1. Health Problems of School Children and Youth Presented by:
Dr. Khadijat Toyin Musah
RN, RM,RPHN, B.N.Sc, M.Ed, MPH, M.Sc (Epidemiology) MSN, Ph.D., FWACN, FRSPH (UK), FAIPHP<br>
slide2. Protocols
Acknowledgement<br>
slide3. Presentation outlines Keywords<br>
slide4. Clarifications of Terms School Children
Youth
School
Health
Health Problems<br>
slide5. Others Various Health Problems of School Children
Various health problems of youth
Causes, signs and symptoms, treatment and prevention of the various health problems of children and youth as highlighted
Roles of PHNs within the scope of presentation<br>
slide6. School Children Children attending School
Origin of school children was first recorded in 1830-40 (Therasus.com)<br>
slide7. Youth UNESCO uses the United Nations’ universal definition1.
The UN, for statistical consistency across regions, defines ‘youth’, as those ages of 15 and 24 years without prejudice to other definitions by Member States.2<br>
slide8. Youth -2 The UN, the Commonwealth, The AU and Nigeria’s National Youth Policy give different definitions of what is a youth.
According to the UN- ‘‘Youth’ is best understood as a period of transition from the dependence of childhood to adulthood’s independence and awareness of our interdependence as members of a community. Youth is a more fluid category than a fixed age-group’’<br>
slide9. Youth -3 The Commonwealth defines youth as 15-29 years of age1.
The African Youth Charter defines youth as ‘‘ any individual between 15-35 years of age and seeks to resolve longstanding debates about defining youths within the context and based on African’s development realities2.<br>
slide10. Youth and Young People The UN Secretariat uses the terms youth and young people interchangeably to mean age 15-24
with the understanding that member states and other entities use different definitions.<br>
slide11. Youth -4 The Nigerian National Youth Policy (2009) 3defines youths as those between the ages of 18-35 years.<br>
slide12. Definition of School A school is an institution designed to provide learning spaces and learning environments for the teaching of students (or "pupils") under the direction of teachers.
A school is a place where children are educated. You usually refer to this place as school when you are talking about the time that children spend there and the activities that they do there.<br>
slide13. Definition of Health Health is the ability of a biological system to acquire, convert, allocate, distribute, and utilize the energy with maximum efficiency.
The World Health Organization (WHO) defined human health in a broader sense in its 1948 constitution as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.<br>
slide14. Definition of Health Problems Health problem - a state in which one is unable to function normally.
Pathological state - a physical condition that is caused by disease.
An abnormal or physiologically unbalanced state of the body.<br>
slide15. Problems in School Children Problems among school children are classified under 4 categories:

Health Problems
Behavioral Problems
Personality Problems
Educational difficulties<br>
slide16. Problems in School Children-2 Other Classification:
-Psychological Problem
-Physical Problem
-Social Problem
-Diseases<br>
slide17. Problems in School Children-3 From other literature:
Classifications are;
Social
-Emotional
-Behavioural and Technologic issues that requires complex range of services delivered by individuals and health care system in a flexible, coordinated and collaborative manners.
-<br>
slide18. Common health problems of School children While health issues for children tend to be different than those for adults, there are some problems that are common for children that a PHN should be aware of.
These Health Problems are:
Malnutrition
Infectious diseases
Intestinal parasites
Diseases of skin, eyes and ears.
Dental caries.<br>
slide19. Malnutrition Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake of energy and/or nutrients.
The term malnutrition covers 2 broad groups of conditions.
-Undernutrition—which includes stunting (low height for age), wasting (low weight for height), underweight (low weight for age) and micronutrient deficiencies or insufficiencies (a lack of important vitamins and minerals).
-Overweight, obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases (such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer).<br>
slide20. Causes of malnutrition Multi-dimentional in nature<br>
slide21. Consequences of malnutrition? Malnutrition affects people in every country. Around 1.9 billion adults worldwide are overweight, while 462 million are underweight.
An estimated 41 million children under the age of 5 years are overweight or obese, while some 159 million are stunted and 50 million are wasted.<br>
slide22. Under-nutrition increases the risk of infectious diseases like diarrhoea, measles, malaria and pneumonia, and chronic malnutrition can impair a young child’s physical and mental development.
overweight and obesity: linked to an unbalanced or unhealthy diet resulting in eating too many calories and often associated with lack of exercise.
Overweight and obesity can lead to diet-related noncommunicable diseases such as heart disease, high blood pressure (hypertension), stroke, diabetes and cancer.<br>
slide23. Inadequate nutrition and repeated bouts of infection during the first 1000 days of a child’s life can cause stunting, which has irreversible long-term effects on the physical and mental development of children.
Worldwide in 2015, there were 156 million stunted children, about 45% of them living in fragile and conflict-affected countries.<br>
slide24. Children are at the highest risk of dying from starvation.
They become undernourished faster than adults. Severely wasted children are 11 times more likely to die than those with a healthy weight.
Undernourished children catch infections more easily and have a harder time recovering because their immune systems are impaired.
Globally, under-nutrition is an underlying factor in more than half of child deaths from pneumonia and malaria, and more than 40% of measles deaths.<br>
slide25. What is being done to address malnutrition? In April 2016, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution proclaiming the UN Decade of Action on Nutrition from 2016 to 2025.
The Decade aims to catalyse policy commitments that result in measurable action to address all forms of malnutrition. The aim is to ensure all people have access to healthier and more sustainable diets to eradicate all forms of malnutrition worldwide.<br>
slide26. Infectious diseases Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another.
Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans.<br>
slide27. Infectious diseases-2 Lassa fever
Tuberculosis Measles Meningococcal meningitis Chikungunya Malaria Plague 
HIV/AIDS 
Immunization coverage 
Pneumonia 
Rubella 
Poliomyelitis<br>
slide28. Infectious diseases-3 Rabies 
Hepatitis B 
Buruli ulcer 
Hepatitis E 
Hepatitis A 
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 
Soil-transmitted helminth infections 
Foodborne trematodiases 
Ebola virus disease 
Hepatitis C<br>
slide29. Infectious diseases-4 Yellow fever 
Dengue and severe dengue 
Trachoma 
Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) 
Lymphatic filariasis 
Onchocerciasis 
Trypanosomiasis, human African (sleeping sickness) 
Dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease) 
Echinococcosis<br>
slide30. Infectious diseases-4 Japanese encephalitis
Vector-borne diseases 
Avian influenza 
Influenza (Seasonal) 
Cholera 
Yaws 
Leprosy<br>
slide31. Infectious diseases-5 Leishmaniasis 
Diarrhoeal disease 
Taeniasis/cysticercosis 
Animal bites
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever
Marburg haemorrhagic fever<br>
slide32. Infectious diseases-6 Monkeypox
Rift Valley fever
Smallpox<br>
slide33. Parasitic infection Parasitic intestinal infection with helminths and/or protozoa can lead to significant morbidity and mortality if not recognized and treated appropriately.
Although such conditions are typically thought of as diseases of the developing world, increasing worldwide travel and immigration will increase the numbers of cases diagnosed within the developed countries.<br>
slide34. Definition An intestinal parasite infection is a condition in which a parasite infects the gastro-intestinal tract of humans and other animals. Such parasites can live anywhere in the body, but most prefer the intestinal wall.<br>
slide35. Routes of exposure Routes of exposure and infection include ingestion of undercooked meat, drinking infected water.
fecal-oral transmission and skin absorption.
Some types of helminths and protozoa are classified as intestinal parasites that cause infection—those that reside in the intestines.
These infections can damage or sicken the host (humans or other animals).
If the intestinal parasite infection is caused by helminths, the infection is called helminthiasis.<br>
slide36. The prevalence of intestinal parasites is the highest among children that are living in the poorest communities in developing nations.<br>
slide37. Types Major groups of parasites include protozoans (organisms having only one cell) and parasitic worms (helminths).
Of these, protozoans, including cryptosporidium microsporidia, and isospora are most common in HIVinfected persons.
Each of these parasites can infect the digestive tract, and sometimes two or more can cause infection at the same time.<br>
slide38. Prevention and Intervention Good hygiene is necessary to avoid reinfection
Environmental
Antihelminthics
Interventions at schools, focusing on the construction of pit latrines (ventilated and improved), providing clean drinking water and educating the students about hygiene<br>
slide39. Health Problems of School Children-2 Others:
Colds and cough
Bronchiolitis or pneumonia.  
Diarrhea and Vomiting 
Allergies
Infections and Parasites
Cancer
Asthma
Muscular dystrophy,<br>
slide40. Health Problems of School Children-2 Tuberculosis,
malaria,
Ear infection (middle and outer ear infection)
Gastoenteritis
Hand, Foot & Mouth Disease<br>
slide41. Health Problems of Youth Stress
Depression
Suicide
Alcohol
Tobacco Use
Substance Use
Violence
Road Traffic Injury
Obesity
Eating Disorders
Sleep Disorders
Teens & Injuries<br>
slide42. Health Problems of Youth -2 Early pregnancy and childbirth
HIV
Other infectious diseases
Mental health problems including depression and suicide
Violence
Alcohol and other drugs
Injuries both unintentional and self-injury
Sexual health / Infectious diseases
Malnutrition and obesity
Exercise and Nutrition
Tobacco use
Rights of adolescents<br>
slide43. Stress- Causes of Stress Common external causes of stress
Major life changes
Work or school
Relationship difficulties
Financial problems
Being too busy
Children and family
Common internal causes of stress
Pessimism
Inability to accept uncertainty
Rigid thinking, lack of flexibility
Negative self-talk
Unrealistic expectations / perfectionism
All-or-nothing attitude<br>
slide44. Signs and Symptom of Stress Cognitive symptoms
Memory problems
Inability to concentrate
Poor judgment
Seeing only the negative
Anxious or racing thoughts
Constant worrying Emotional symptoms
Depression or general unhappiness
Anxiety and agitation
Moodiness, irritability, or anger
Feeling overwhelmed
Loneliness and isolation
Other mental or emotional health problems Behavioral symptoms
Eating more or less
Sleeping too much or too little
Withdrawing from others
Procrastinating or neglecting responsibilities
Using alcohol, cigarettes, or drugs to relax
Nervous habits (e.g. nail biting, pacing) Physical symptoms
Aches and pains
Diarrhea or constipation
Nausea, dizziness
Chest pain, rapid heart rate
Loss of sex drive
Frequent colds or flu<br>
slide45. Management of Stress Exercise,
Changes
Relaxation
Stress management courses
Counselling and
Medications.<br>
slide46. Prevention of Stress Balance responsibilities (like schoolwork) with activities you enjoy (like relaxing or spending time with friends).
Manage responsibilities
Eat healthy foods
Get proper sleep
Make time to exercise every day.<br>
slide47. Depression: Cause of Depression Genetics
Biological - changes in neurotransmitter levels
Environmental
Psychological and social (psychosocial)
Abuse and Certain medications
Conflict
Death or a loss
Genetics and Major events
Serious illnesses
Substance abuse.<br>
slide48. Depression Signs and Symptom of Depression
Feelings of emptiness, hopelessness, despair, and sadness
Irritability, anxiousness, and guilt Feelings of exhaustion, severe tiredness
Loss of interest in previously pleasurable activities
Inability to concentrate or remember details
Suicidal thoughts or attempts of suicide
Sleep disturbances; sleeping too much or too little, insomnia<br>
slide49. Signs and Symptom of Depression-2 Changes in appetite – eating too much or too little
Physical symptoms – aches and pains, cramps, headaches, digestive issues, breast tenderness, bloating
Lack of energy
Feeling out of control
Mood swings and feelings of tearfulness
Panic attacks Feelings of tension
Disinterest in daily activities and relationship<br>
slide50. Treatment of Depression Support, ranging from discussing practical solutions and contributing stresses, to educating family members.
Psychotherapy, also known as talking therapies, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).
Drug treatment, specifically antidepressants.<br>
slide51. Prevention of Depression Encourage child’s passions
Model healthy living
Insist on regular sleep
Encourage exercise
Focus on the good things that happen every day
Help your child learn to cope with stress
Build your child’s belief in his own abilities
Increase her feeling of personal control
Help teens to use social support effectively
Maintain open lines of communication<br>
slide52. Suicide Causes of Suicide
Depression
Bipolar disorder
Schizophrenia
Anxiety disorders
Personality disorders
Substance abuse
Childhood abuse or trauma
Family history of suicide
Previous suicide attempts
Having a chronic disease<br>
slide53. Sign and Symptom of Suicide Feel hopeless
Feel trapped
Feel alone
Feel anxious or agitated
Feel as if there is no reason to go on living
Think of suicide as a way out
Experience mood swings
Are abusing alcohol or drugs<br>
slide54. Treatment of Suicide Talk Therapy
Medication<br>
slide55. Suicide Prevention Call help desk or your local emergency number.
Stay with the person until help arrives.
Remove any guns, knives, medications, or other things that may cause harm.
Listen, but don’t judge, argue, threaten, or yell.<br>
slide56. Signs and Symptom of Alcohol Slurred or incoherent speech
Poor balance and clumsiness
Delayed reflexes
Stomach pains, vomiting or nausea
Loss of consciousness or blacking-out
Redness of the face during or after periods of consumption
Loss of control over amount consumed once they begin drinking
Regular inattention to family and professional obligations
Dangerous behaviors that carry risk of legal, financial and/or health consequences for themselves and others
Reduced attention to personal and professional responsibilities
Repeated unsuccessful efforts to reduce alcohol consumption<br>
slide57. Causes of Alcohol Stressful environments
Drinking at an early age
Mental health problems like depression
Taking alcohol with medicine
Family history<br>
slide58. Treatment of Alcohol Alcohol abuse counseling in both group and individual settings
Behavioral therapy in both group and individual settings
Prescription drug therapy to reduce withdrawal symptoms, manage alcohol cravings during recovery, and maintain abstinence
Inpatient treatment in a hospital or residential recovery facility
Intensive outpatient alcohol addiction treatment
Participation in a mutual support group such as Alcoholics Anonymous or other program<br>
slide59. Prevention of Alcohol Correct the misperception that everybody is drinking.
Teach youth ways to say no to alcohol.
Use interactive teaching techniques (e.g., small-group activities, role plays, and same-age leaders).
Involve parents and other segments of the community.
Revisit the topic over the years to reinforce prevention messages.
Provide training and support for teachers and students.
Are culturally and developmentally on target for the students they serve.<br>
slide60. Tobacco Use Lung Cancer
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
Heart Disease
Stroke
Asthma
Reproductive Effects in Women
Premature, Low Birth-Weight Babies
Diabetes
Blindness, Cataracts and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Over 10 Other Types of Cancer, Including Colon, Cervix, Liver, Stomach and Pancreatic Cancer<br>
slide61. Sign and Symptom of Tobacco Use Anxiety
Cravings
Depression
Difficulty concentrating
Impaired performance
Increased appetite and weight gain
Irritability, frustration and anger
Restlessness and impatience
Sleep disturbances, such as insomnia or sleeping too much<br>
slide62. Treatment of Tobacco Use The patch: The patch is known as a nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). It’s a small, bandage-like sticker that you apply to your arm or back. The patch delivers low levels of nicotine to the body. This helps gradually wean the body off it.
Nicotine gum: Another form of NRT, nicotine gum can help people who need the oral fixation of smoking or chewing. This is common, as people who are quitting smoking may have the urge to put something into their mouths.
Spray or inhaler: Nicotine sprays and inhalers can help by giving low doses of nicotine without tobacco use.
Medications: Some doctors recommend the use of medication to help with tobacco addictions.<br>
slide63. Prevention of Tobacco Use Create and support smoke-free outdoor areas including all sports grounds and all outdoor dining areas.
Prevent tobacco use in young people through the introduction of smoke-free environments, restricting access to and supply of tobacco products, reducing product appeal, and the use of digital and mass media.
Reduce product appeal through plain packaging, graphic health warnings, mass media and social media campaigns, and education.
Help smokers quit through research, quit smoking services and other preventive activity such as plain packaging, graphic health warnings and education.
Research the potential of harm reduction strategies for those smokers who are unable or unwilling to quit to further reduce the harms from tobacco.<br>
slide64. Sign and Symptom of Substance Use Physical Signs
Inability to sleep, awake at unusual times, unusual laziness.
Loss of or increased in appetite, changes in eating habits
Cold, sweaty palms; shaking hands.
Unusual smells on breath, body or clothes.
Nausea, vomiting or excessive sweating.
Tremors or shakes of hands, feet or head.
Irregular heartbeat.
Runny nose; hacking cough
Behavioral Signs
Change in overall attitude/personality with no other identifiable cause.
Chronic dishonesty.
Sudden oversensitivity, temper tantrums, or resentful behavior.
Change in habits at home; loss of interest in family and family activities.
Paranoia
Silliness or giddiness.<br>
slide65. Causes of Substance Use Possessing an impulsive personality
Possessing a novelty-seeking temperament
Personal history of trauma
Family history of substance abuse, addiction. and/or chemical dependency
Family history of mental health concerns
Personal history of mental health concerns
Living in an impoverished area
Lacking coping skills
Having an inadequate support system<br>
slide66. Treatment of Substance Use Individual and group counseling
Inpatient and residential treatment
Intensive outpatient treatment
Partial hospital programs
Case or care management
Medication
Recovery support services
12-Step fellowship
Peer supports<br>
slide67. Prevention of Substance Use Don’t Be Afraid to Say No
Connect With Your Friends and Avoid Negative Peer Pressure
Make Connections With Your Parents or Other Adults
Enjoy Life and Do What You Love -  Don’t Add Alcohol and Drugs
Follow the Family Rules About Alcohol and Drugs
Get Educated About Alcohol and Drugs
Be a Role Model and Set a Positive Example
Speak Out/Speak Up/Take Control<br>
slide68. Sign and Symptom of Violence Agitation, anxiety and chronic apprehension
Constant state of alertness that makes it difficult for them to relax or sleep
A sense of hopelessness, helplessness or despair because the victim believes they will never escape the control of their abuser
Fear that one cannot protect oneself or one’s children. This person will turn down the assistance offered by relatives, friends or professionals.
Feeling paralyzed by fear to make decisions or protect oneself
A belief that one deserves the abuse
A belief that one is responsible for the abuse
Flashbacks, recurrent thoughts and memories of the violence and nightmares of the violence
Emotional reactions to reminders of domestic violence<br>
slide69. Causes of Violence The Media
Substance Abuse
Gangs
Unemployment
Weapons
Poverty
Peer Pressure
Broken Homes
Poor Family Environment / Bad Neighborhoods
Intolerance / Ignorance
Condoning of violence against women
Men’s control of decision-making and limits to women’s independence
Rigid gender roles and identities<br>
slide70. Treatment of Violence Getting Attention
Building Self-Esteem
Avoiding Harsh Punishment
Learning Calming Techniques
Developing Empathy
Developing a Conscience
Forming an Attachment<br>
slide71. Prevention of Violence Get to know your neighbors
nvite law enforcement into your community
Find out who has video surveillance cameras.
Form a modern day Neighborhood Watch
Keep up on crime trends and spread the word
Consider security cameras<br>
slide72. Causes of Obesity Genetics
Overeating
A diet high in simple carbohydrates
Frequency of eating
Physical inactivity
Medications
Psychological factors
Disease
Social issues<br>
slide73. Treatment of Obesity Consuming fewer calories
Increasing activity and exercise
To achieve a healthy weight.
To maintain that healthy weight.<br>
slide74. Prevention of Obesity To prevent obesity and maintain a healthy body weight, eat a well-balanced diet and exercise regularly.
Preventing obesity is important. Once fat cells form, they remain in your body forever. Although you can reduce the size of fat cells, you cannot get rid of them.<br>
slide75. Eating Disorder: Sign and Symptom Eating Disorders Chronic dieting despite being hazardously underweight
Constant weight fluctuations
Obsession with calories and fat contents of food
Engaging in ritualistic eating patterns, such as cutting food into tiny pieces, eating alone, and/or hiding food
Continued fixation with food, recipes, or cooking; the individual may cook intricate meals for others but refrain from partaking
Depression or lethargic stage
Avoidance of social functions, family, and friends. May become isolated and withdrawn
Switching between periods of overeating and fasting<br>
slide76. Causes Eating Disorder Genetic vulnerability
Psychological factors
Socio-cultural influences<br>
slide77. Prevention of Eating Disorder Get rid of the notion that a particular diet, weight or body size will automatically lead to happiness and fulfillment.
Learn everything you can about anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder and other types of eating disorders. Genuine awareness will help you avoid judgmental or mistaken attitudes about food, weight, body shape and eating disorders.
Make the choice to challenge the false ideas that thinness and weight loss are great, and that body fat and weight gain are horrible or indicate laziness, worthlessness or immorality.
Avoid categorizing foods as ‘good/safe’ vs. ‘bad/dangerous.’ Remember that we all need to eat a balanced variety of foods.
Stop judging others and yourself based on body weight or shape. Turn off the voices in your head that tell you that a person’s body weight is an indicator of their character, personality or value as a person.<br>
slide78. Prevention of Eating Disorder -2 Become a critical viewer of the media and its messages about self-esteem and body image. Don’t accept that the images you see are the ideals you should try to attain. When you hear a comment of see an image that promotes thinness at all costs, talk back to the television. If you see a magazine advertisement or article that makes you feel bad about your body shape or size, rip it out or write to the editor about it.<br>
slide79. Prevention of Eating Disorder -3 Choose to value yourself based on your goals, accomplishments, talents and character. Avoid letting the way you feel about your body weight and shape determine the course of your day. Celebrate your body’s unique shape and size and embrace the natural diversity of human bodies<br>
slide80. Prevention of Eating Disorder -4 .
Finally, if you think someone has an eating disorder, express your concerns in a forthright, caring manner. Gently but firmly encourage the person to seek trained professional help. If you have an eating disorder, don’t let it control your life any longer. Call an eating disorder rehabilitation center and find out how a residential treatment program can help you regain control over your life.<br>
slide81. Treatment Eating Disorder Anorexia Treatment: In treating anorexia nervosa, the first step is the restoration of normal body weight. The greater the patient’s weight loss, the more likely the individual is to require hospitalization to ensure adequate food intake.
Bulimia Treatment: Treatment of bulimia nervosa first involves the management of any serious physical or health complications.
Binge Eating Disorder Treatment: Binge-eating is treated in a manner similar to bulimia and other eating disorders, with a focus on psychotherapy as a primary component of successful treatment.<br>
slide82. Sleep disorder Sign and Symptom of Sleep Disorder
Difficulty falling or staying asleep
Daytime fatigue
Strong urge to take naps during the day
Irritability or anxiety
Lack of concentration
Depression<br>
slide83. Causes of Sleep Disorders Physical disturbances (for example, pain from ulcers)
Medical issues (for example, asthma)
Psychiatric disorders (for example, depression and anxiety disorders)
Environmental issues (for example, alcohol use)
Genetics: Researchers have found a genetic basis for narcolepsy, a neurological disorder of sleep regulation that affects the control of sleep and wakefulness.
Working the night shift: People who work at night often experience sleep disorders because they cannot sleep when they start to feel drowsy.
Medicines: Many medicines can interfere with sleep.
Aging: About half of all adults over the age of 65 have some sort of sleep disorder.<br>
slide84. Treatment of Sleep Disorders Medication: Based on information provided by the National Sleep Foundation (NSF), the most common treatment of all the major sleep disorders, with the exception of Sleep Apnea, is medication.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Many sleep disorders are closely connected to a pattern of behavior which is why cognitive behavioral therapy is a common treatment used to help people learn to manage several different sleep disorders. 
Sleep Hygiene and Sleep Routines: Almost everyone who has been diagnosed with a sleep disorder can benefit from practicing good sleep hygiene and developing routines that are supportive of getting the sleep they need.<br>
slide85. Prevention of Sleep Disorders Try to go to sleep at the same time each night and get up at the same time each morning.
Try not to take naps during the day because naps may make you less sleepy at night.
Avoid caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol late in the day. Caffeine and nicotine are stimulants and can keep you from falling asleep. Alcohol can cause waking in the night and interferes with sleep quality.
Get regular exercise. Try not to exercise close to bedtime because it may stimulate you and make it hard to fall asleep. Experts suggest not exercising for three hours before the time you go to sleep..<br>
slide86. Prevention of Sleep Disorders -2 Don't eat a heavy meal late in the day.
Follow a routine to help you relax and wind down before sleep, such as reading a book, listening to music, or taking a bath.
Avoid using your bed for anything other than sleep or sex.
If you can't fall asleep and don't feel drowsy, get up and read or do something that is not overly stimulating until you feel sleepy.
If you have trouble lying awake worrying about things, try making a to-do list before you go to bed. This may help you to avoid focusing on those worries overnight<br>
slide87. Role of PHNs Preventing Illness and Injury
Promoting Wellness
Surveillance, Monitoring, and Evaluation
Policy Enforcement and Development
Environmental Management
Case Management, Coordination of Care, and Delegation
Consultation<br>
slide88. Role of PHNs-2 Outreach
Screening
Health Teaching
Counselling
Collaboration
Advocacy
Other… Children with life-limiting and life-threatening illness, including those requiring palliative and end-of-life care<br>
slide89. References
Baily G, Garcia HH. Other cestode infections: intestinal cestodes, cysticercosis, other larval cestode infections. In: Farrar J, Hotez PJ, Junghanss T, Kang G, Lalloo D, White N, eds. Manson's Tropical Diseases. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier-Saunders; 2014: chapter 57.
Heynman D. Cestodes. In: Baron S, ed. Medical Microbiology. 4th ed. Galveston, TX: The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; 1996: chapter 89.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. DPDx - Laboratory Identification of Parasitic Diseases of Public Health Concern. Sparganosis. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/sparganosis/index.html. Accessed July 7, 2015.
Zeibig E. The cestodes. Clinical Parasitology: A Practical Approach. 2nd ed. St Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2013: chapter 10.
Nash TE, Mahanty S, Loeb JA, et al. Neurocysticercosis: a natural human model of epileptogenesis. Epilepsia. 2015 Feb;56(2):177-83. PMID: 25534640
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parasites – Echinococcus. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/echinococcosis/index.html. Accessed July 8, 2015.
World Health Organization. Echinococcosis. Fact sheet no. 377. Updated May 2015. Available at:<br>
slide90. Thank You All<br>