History 321: State and Society in Early Modern
Description: History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe: The Thirty Years War The Bohemian Revolt, 1618-1620 What sort of war was the Thirty Years War when it began? The Bohemian Revolt was the first serious clash over the political and
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slide1. History 321: State and Society in Early Modern Europe: The Thirty Years War<br>
slide2. The Bohemian Revolt, 1618-1620 What sort of war was the Thirty Years War when it began?
“The Bohemian Revolt was the first serious clash over the political and religious issues facing the Empire. …Europe was not poised for war in 1618, as all the major powers remained afflicted by their own problems. …Few intended their involvement to lead to a major war, and no one thought of a conflict lasting thirty years” (p. 269).<br>
slide3. The Bohemian Revolt, 1618-1620 “…an aristocratic coup led by a minority of desperate militant Protestants” (p. 269)
divided Defensors
applying the Letter of Majesty
Count Jindrich Matyas Thurn (1567-1640)
Protestant assembly
Defensors vs. Regents
the fateful day: 23 May 1618<br>
slide4. The Bohemian Revolt, 1618-1620 Protestant assembly diet Directors
Count Georg Friedrich von Hohenlohe
Habsburg reaction
demise of Klesl
mobilization
Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy<br>
slide5. Bohemian Revolt: Search for Support Habsburgs
Spain
Saxony
Mühlhausen Declaration (20 March 1620)
Poland: Cossacks: “the kind of cavalry that ‘God would not want and the Devil was afraid of’”(p. 292)
Bavaria…and the Catholic League
Treaty of Munich (8 October 1619)
General Jean Tserclaes Tilly<br>
slide6. Bohemian Revolt: Search for Support Bohemia / Bohemian Confederation
election and coronation of Frederick V (1619)
Protestant Union
Moravia
Hungary
Austrian Protestants
Britain
Bethlen Gábor (Transylvania) + Ottomans? + Hungary<br>
slide7. Bohemian Revolt: Fighting Rebel tactics
siege of royalist centres in Bohemia
invasion of Austria: attempt on Vienna (1618, 1619)
Habsburg response
defend Vienna
recover Upper and Lower Austria
secure frontier with Upper Palatinate (Bavaria)
invade Lower (=Rhenish) Palatinate (Spain)
invade Lusatia (Saxony)<br>
slide8. Demise of the Bohemian Confederation Battle of White Mountain, 8 November 1620
fall of Prague
submission of Moravia to Ferdinand II
surrender of Lusatia and Silesia to Johann Georg<br>
slide9. Reasons for defeat disorganization
bad reputation of rebellion
no foreign support except from Bethlen
importance of religion as rallying force
a fixed social base: aristocracy
“a fading version of aristocratic corporatism” vs. “a more centralized state” (p. 310)
influence of court
patronage
state service
“The Habsburgs’ decision to make Catholicism the touchstone of political loyalty gave centralization a confessional character, though there was nothing specifically ‘Catholic’ about it” (pp. 310-11).<br>
slide10. Some observations about warfare Lack of heavy artillery in attacks on Vienna: June 1619 (p. 280), November 1619 (p. 291)
“the full horrors of war” (p. 301)
epidemic
cruelty (p. 302)<br>
slide11. Ferdinand Triumphant, 1621-1624 How was Ferdinand II able to consolidate his authority within the Empire?<br>
slide12. The Palatine Cause Frederick V: Winter King in exile
exit the generals and officers
Anhalt, Hohenlohe
demise of the Protestant Union (1621)
end of the Twelve Years Truce (1621)
Dutch Republic and Spain: limited and strategic interest in the Holy Roman Empire
response of Protestant monarchies:
Denmark, England
pacification of Bethlen Gábor (pp. 324-25)<br>
slide13. Protestant Paladins Count Ernst von Mansfeld
Landgrave Moritz of Hessen Kassel
Margrave Georg Friedrich of Baden-Durlach
Magnus of Württemberg
others like Magnus
Christian of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
“trade of war” (p. 330)<br>
slide14. Maps Hessen-Kassel
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/HRR_1789_Landgrafschaft_Hessen-Kassel.png
Baden-Durlach http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Markgrafschaft_Baden-Durlach.png
Württemberg
http://www.pantel-web.de/bw_mirror/history/bwmaps/bw_316.jpg
The Duchy of Württemberg is yellow, Electoral Palatinate is green, free imperial cities are pink, lands belonging to prince bishoprics are dark purple.
Duchy of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:Herzogtum_Braunschweig_1789.png&filetimestamp=20090428162152<br>
slide15. New theatres of War Bavaria’s invasion of Upper Palatinate, 1621
Battle of Wimpfen, 1622
Battle of Höchst, 1622
Mansfeld’s invasion of East Frisia, 1622
Battle of Stadtlohn, 1623
re-emergence of Bethlen Gábor, 1623-1624
Hungary in Habsburg hands
Archduke Ferdinand, King of Hungary, 1625<br>
slide16. The Catholic Ascendency, 1621-1629 “The significance of the victories of 1620-3 lay not in sweeping constitutional or institutional changes, but in the redistribution of power and wealth to the emperor’s supporters” (p. 348).
Bohemia
a hereditary monarchy
Estates remain but with restrictions. Their “powers now rested on dynastic grace, not inalienable corporate rights” (349).
revocation of the Letter of Majesty
removal of chancellery to Vienna<br>
slide17. The Catholic Ascendency, 1621-1629 chancellor and vice-chancellor
“The victories after 1620 enabled Ferdinand to extend his existing patronage to the rest of the Empire. By redistributing conquered land, he undermined the opposition’s economic base while strengthening his supporters’” (p. 350).
an improvised, not a coherent, strategy<br>
slide18. The Catholic Ascendency, 1621-1629 Blood Court
28 executions in Prague: 21 June 1621
“undoubtedly unnecessary and a mistake” (p. 352)
Land Transfers
“the largest transfer of property in Europe before the seizures during the Communist takeover after 1945” (p. 353)
confiscation of land: the standard penalty for rebellion
state power and “the reordering of personal relationships” (p. 354)
concentration of landed wealth among a small group of Ferdinand’s supporters<br>
slide19. The Catholic Ascendency, 1621-1629 the fate of the Palatinate
rewards for Maximilian I:
the Upper Palatinate
part of the eastern Lower Palatinate
electoral title
“Maximilian remained bound to Ferdinand whose help he needed to secure wider recognition of his new status” (p. 356).
eleven new princes (1624)
“Ferdinand’s programme worked by changing people, not institutions, brining loyalists to the fore and marginalizing opponents” (p. 357).<br>
slide20. The Catholic Ascendency, 1621-1629 the formation of a “solidly Catholic political and social elite” (p. 357)
Nobles became Catholic. Some did so opportunistically.
Rebels lost religious and political rights and property.
“re-catholicization” similar to Munich plan (1579)
Catholicism a prerequisite for citizenship in towns
Protestant exiles
advantages / disadvantages
“The Palatine and Bohemian causes, both defeated, lived on as justification for Danish and Swedish intervention” (p. 361).<br>
slide2. The Bohemian Revolt, 1618-1620 What sort of war was the Thirty Years War when it began?
“The Bohemian Revolt was the first serious clash over the political and religious issues facing the Empire. …Europe was not poised for war in 1618, as all the major powers remained afflicted by their own problems. …Few intended their involvement to lead to a major war, and no one thought of a conflict lasting thirty years” (p. 269).<br>
slide3. The Bohemian Revolt, 1618-1620 “…an aristocratic coup led by a minority of desperate militant Protestants” (p. 269)
divided Defensors
applying the Letter of Majesty
Count Jindrich Matyas Thurn (1567-1640)
Protestant assembly
Defensors vs. Regents
the fateful day: 23 May 1618<br>
slide4. The Bohemian Revolt, 1618-1620 Protestant assembly diet Directors
Count Georg Friedrich von Hohenlohe
Habsburg reaction
demise of Klesl
mobilization
Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy<br>
slide5. Bohemian Revolt: Search for Support Habsburgs
Spain
Saxony
Mühlhausen Declaration (20 March 1620)
Poland: Cossacks: “the kind of cavalry that ‘God would not want and the Devil was afraid of’”(p. 292)
Bavaria…and the Catholic League
Treaty of Munich (8 October 1619)
General Jean Tserclaes Tilly<br>
slide6. Bohemian Revolt: Search for Support Bohemia / Bohemian Confederation
election and coronation of Frederick V (1619)
Protestant Union
Moravia
Hungary
Austrian Protestants
Britain
Bethlen Gábor (Transylvania) + Ottomans? + Hungary<br>
slide7. Bohemian Revolt: Fighting Rebel tactics
siege of royalist centres in Bohemia
invasion of Austria: attempt on Vienna (1618, 1619)
Habsburg response
defend Vienna
recover Upper and Lower Austria
secure frontier with Upper Palatinate (Bavaria)
invade Lower (=Rhenish) Palatinate (Spain)
invade Lusatia (Saxony)<br>
slide8. Demise of the Bohemian Confederation Battle of White Mountain, 8 November 1620
fall of Prague
submission of Moravia to Ferdinand II
surrender of Lusatia and Silesia to Johann Georg<br>
slide9. Reasons for defeat disorganization
bad reputation of rebellion
no foreign support except from Bethlen
importance of religion as rallying force
a fixed social base: aristocracy
“a fading version of aristocratic corporatism” vs. “a more centralized state” (p. 310)
influence of court
patronage
state service
“The Habsburgs’ decision to make Catholicism the touchstone of political loyalty gave centralization a confessional character, though there was nothing specifically ‘Catholic’ about it” (pp. 310-11).<br>
slide10. Some observations about warfare Lack of heavy artillery in attacks on Vienna: June 1619 (p. 280), November 1619 (p. 291)
“the full horrors of war” (p. 301)
epidemic
cruelty (p. 302)<br>
slide11. Ferdinand Triumphant, 1621-1624 How was Ferdinand II able to consolidate his authority within the Empire?<br>
slide12. The Palatine Cause Frederick V: Winter King in exile
exit the generals and officers
Anhalt, Hohenlohe
demise of the Protestant Union (1621)
end of the Twelve Years Truce (1621)
Dutch Republic and Spain: limited and strategic interest in the Holy Roman Empire
response of Protestant monarchies:
Denmark, England
pacification of Bethlen Gábor (pp. 324-25)<br>
slide13. Protestant Paladins Count Ernst von Mansfeld
Landgrave Moritz of Hessen Kassel
Margrave Georg Friedrich of Baden-Durlach
Magnus of Württemberg
others like Magnus
Christian of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
“trade of war” (p. 330)<br>
slide14. Maps Hessen-Kassel
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/HRR_1789_Landgrafschaft_Hessen-Kassel.png
Baden-Durlach http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Markgrafschaft_Baden-Durlach.png
Württemberg
http://www.pantel-web.de/bw_mirror/history/bwmaps/bw_316.jpg
The Duchy of Württemberg is yellow, Electoral Palatinate is green, free imperial cities are pink, lands belonging to prince bishoprics are dark purple.
Duchy of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel
http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Datei:Herzogtum_Braunschweig_1789.png&filetimestamp=20090428162152<br>
slide15. New theatres of War Bavaria’s invasion of Upper Palatinate, 1621
Battle of Wimpfen, 1622
Battle of Höchst, 1622
Mansfeld’s invasion of East Frisia, 1622
Battle of Stadtlohn, 1623
re-emergence of Bethlen Gábor, 1623-1624
Hungary in Habsburg hands
Archduke Ferdinand, King of Hungary, 1625<br>
slide16. The Catholic Ascendency, 1621-1629 “The significance of the victories of 1620-3 lay not in sweeping constitutional or institutional changes, but in the redistribution of power and wealth to the emperor’s supporters” (p. 348).
Bohemia
a hereditary monarchy
Estates remain but with restrictions. Their “powers now rested on dynastic grace, not inalienable corporate rights” (349).
revocation of the Letter of Majesty
removal of chancellery to Vienna<br>
slide17. The Catholic Ascendency, 1621-1629 chancellor and vice-chancellor
“The victories after 1620 enabled Ferdinand to extend his existing patronage to the rest of the Empire. By redistributing conquered land, he undermined the opposition’s economic base while strengthening his supporters’” (p. 350).
an improvised, not a coherent, strategy<br>
slide18. The Catholic Ascendency, 1621-1629 Blood Court
28 executions in Prague: 21 June 1621
“undoubtedly unnecessary and a mistake” (p. 352)
Land Transfers
“the largest transfer of property in Europe before the seizures during the Communist takeover after 1945” (p. 353)
confiscation of land: the standard penalty for rebellion
state power and “the reordering of personal relationships” (p. 354)
concentration of landed wealth among a small group of Ferdinand’s supporters<br>
slide19. The Catholic Ascendency, 1621-1629 the fate of the Palatinate
rewards for Maximilian I:
the Upper Palatinate
part of the eastern Lower Palatinate
electoral title
“Maximilian remained bound to Ferdinand whose help he needed to secure wider recognition of his new status” (p. 356).
eleven new princes (1624)
“Ferdinand’s programme worked by changing people, not institutions, brining loyalists to the fore and marginalizing opponents” (p. 357).<br>
slide20. The Catholic Ascendency, 1621-1629 the formation of a “solidly Catholic political and social elite” (p. 357)
Nobles became Catholic. Some did so opportunistically.
Rebels lost religious and political rights and property.
“re-catholicization” similar to Munich plan (1579)
Catholicism a prerequisite for citizenship in towns
Protestant exiles
advantages / disadvantages
“The Palatine and Bohemian causes, both defeated, lived on as justification for Danish and Swedish intervention” (p. 361).<br>