Last week in the news... The news report Today’s
Description: Last week in the news... The news report Todays lesson: To look at the essay question you had last time how did you get on? To check we are happy with what industrialisation is and how this links with development. To look at Chinas
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slide1. Last week in the news... The news report<br>
slide2. Today’s lesson: To look at the essay question you had last time – how did you get on?
To check we are happy with what industrialisation is and how this links with development.
To look at China’s environmental protection framework.
After Christmas: Soil erosion & forest resources, sustainable cities.
Population.<br>
slide3. Cai Jing is a journalist and using her own experiences created a documentary which I have found in 8 parts on youtube – links below. Under the dome part 1
Under the dome part 2
under the dome part 3
under the dome part 4
under the dome part 5
under the dome part 6
under the dome part 7
under the dome part 8 The first video is upseting at first.<br>
slide4. China to spend big to clean up its air China's polluters to face large fines under law change<br>
slide5. New environmental protection provisions came into effect in January 2015. The government's environmental agencies will be allowed to enforce strict penalties and seize property of illegal polluters.
Companies that break the law will be "named and shamed", with company executives subject to prison sentences of 15 days.
There will be no upper limit on fines; previously, it was often cheaper for companies to pay the small fines imposed than to install anti-pollution measures.
The new law has 70 provisions, compared to the 47 of the previous law. More than 300 different groups will be able to sue on the behalf of people harmed by pollution.
It remains to be seen whether these changes to the law will overcome some of the traditional problems with environmental litigation in China, such as difficulty getting cases accepted by the court, trouble gathering evidence and interference from local government. The new environmental protection provisions in China<br>
slide6. Under the new law, local governments are subject to discipline for failing to enforce environmental laws.
Regions are no longer be judged solely on their economic progress, but instead must balance progress with environmental protection.
Local governments are now required to disclose environmental information to the public.
Individuals are now encouraged to "adopt a low-carbon and frugal lifestyle and perform environmental protection duties" such as recycling their garbage under the law.<br>
slide7. What else is happening? The US and China have shifted their positions
The past five years have seen significant shifts in position from the most influential countries, notably China and the US. Despite a divided Congress, President Obama has committed to reducing emissions, making climate change a defining issue of his second term.
China has an ambitious strategy to grow its renewables sector, with tough new laws on air
pollution and strong action on limiting coal consumption. Last year, the two countries signed an agreement to work together on carbon reduction in crucial sectors including transport and energy efficiency.
Taken from http://www.green-alliance.org.uk/resources/Paris%202015-getting%20a%20global%20agreement%20on%20climate%20change.pdf<br>
slide9. Can you make the link between development and industrialisation?<br>
slide10. PEOPLE AND THE PLANET Globalisation Clarke Fisher Model Post-industrial Stage - In this stage the tertiary sector become most important.
Secondary sector tends to die away.
As more people start to live in towns, there is a growing demand for various services - from health and education to transport and finance.
Quaternary jobs begin to form too as the country becomes wealthier. High income countries. Industrial Stage –
As time passes, manufacturing increases, New factories spring up in many locations.
So the secondary sector grows in importance.
The tertiary sector also grows (but not as fast)
The primary sector continues to decline in this period as the country industrialises.
Middle income countries. Pre-industrial Stage –the LEDC’s have high amounts of primary industries due to the fact that there is a lack of education and they are mainly subsistence farmers. There are very few jobs in the tertiary and manufacturing sectors, due to lack of money to set up these factories or build them. Low income countries This model is based on what happened in developed countries like Britain. It may not work in the same way for developing countries which may miss some part of the model.
For example, some developing countries might encourage tourism (tertiary) in their country and miss the Industrial Stage, such as the Gambia in Africa. Primary Secondary Tertiary MEDC LEDC NIC (newly industrialised country) The basic idea-
As a country increases its wealth or develops; the number of people employed in each employment sector changes. Primary Job Secondary Job Tertiary Job Employment (job) involving taking (extracting) natural resources from the earth (land or sea) Fisherman Miner Farmer Employment that involves making (manufacturing) raw materials into something else. E.g. making cotton into a shirt. Employment that involves the worker providing a SERVICE. Builder Factory Worker Carpenter Doctor Train Driver Hotel Maid Quaternary HIC
(HIGH INCOME COUNTRY) LIC
(low income country) MIC – (middle income country)<br>
slide11. Sustainable cities: Dongtan Eco city<br>
slide12. The Eco Wonder: Called by its designers “the world’s first purpose-built eco city,” Dongtan will be powered entirely by renewable energy sources and supplied with battery or fuel-cell vehicles and solar-powered water taxis. Plans call for Dongtan, which will be located on Chongming Island in the Yangtze River Delta near Shanghai, to house up to half a million people by 2050. Tourist attractions will include a leisure park, a science exhibition, an educational centre, and wildlife conservation areas surrounding Dongtan’s three distinct villages.
What’s Behind It: Even skeptics of this Chinese eco wonder are impressed. The Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation is developing the site with contractors who use a mix of traditional and innovative measures like low-energy air-conditioning and green roofs. Dongtan will use half the water and create one-sixth the waste of a comparable city, even with 20 acres set aside for producing native foods like corn, rice, and fish. Nearby farms will be restored as wetlands, with a 2.1-mile buffer around the city to control ground pollution.<br>
slide13. In 2005, the Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation (SIIC) hired the consultancy Arup to design a city which would exclusively use sustainable energy, be self-sufficient and reduce energy consumption by 66% in relation to its neighbour Shanghai. The plan is for Dongtan to house 500,000 people from rural areas. China faces pressing energy problems. Migration from the land to the cities means it will be necessary to build some 400 cities by 2020 to house 300 million people from rural areas. In order to meet their increasing energy consumption they will have to focus more sharply on energy-efficient design and technology, on the quality of urban planning strategies and to increase the degree of sustainable development. Solar panels, wind turbines and biomass-based fuels will produce all the energy Dongtan will need. Most buildings will have photovoltaic cell arrays on their roofs. A minimum of 20% of Dongtan's energy requirements will be covered by wind power. A lot of the energy will be produced by a large wind turbine farm outside the city and micro wind turbines adapted to buildings and roads will produce electricity for the individual blocks of flats. Up to 80% of the city's refuse will be recycled, and some of the organic waste, including rice husks, will be used to make energy to power a combined heat and power plant. Rice husks and other organic waste will be loaded into large bioreactors which will gasify the waste to produce electricity and heat. All the buildings in Dongtan will be zero-energy or passive structures. Establishing gardens or other green vegetation on the rooftops will provide insulation and filter rainwater, thus helping to reduce energy consumption. Natural ventilation will be provided by adapting to the local microclimate and positioning individual buildings accordingly. Windows, especially those facing north, will have thermal glass to minimise the need for heating and therefore the consumption of energy.<br>
slide14. In 2005, the Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation (SIIC) hired the consultancy Arup to design a city which would exclusively use sustainable energy, be self-sufficient and reduce energy consumption by 66% in relation to its neighbour Shanghai. The plan is for Dongtan to house 500,000 people from rural areas. China faces pressing energy problems. Migration from the land to the cities means it will be necessary to build some 400 cities by 2020 to house 300 million people from rural areas. In order to meet their increasing energy consumption they will have to focus more sharply on energy-efficient design and technology, on the quality of urban planning strategies and to increase the degree of sustainable development. Solar panels, wind turbines and biomass-based fuels will produce all the energy Dongtan will need. Most buildings will have photovoltaic cell arrays on their roofs. A minimum of 20% of Dongtan's energy requirements will be covered by wind power. A lot of the energy will be produced by a large wind turbine farm outside the city and micro wind turbines adapted to buildings and roads will produce electricity for the individual blocks of flats. Up to 80% of the city's refuse will be recycled, and some of the organic waste, including rice husks, will be used to make energy to power a combined heat and power plant. Rice husks and other organic waste will be loaded into large bioreactors which will gasify the waste to produce electricity and heat. All the buildings in Dongtan will be zero-energy or passive structures. Establishing gardens or other green vegetation on the rooftops will provide insulation and filter rainwater, thus helping to reduce energy consumption. Natural ventilation will be provided by adapting to the local microclimate and positioning individual buildings accordingly. Windows, especially those facing north, will have thermal glass to minimise the need for heating and therefore the consumption of energy.<br>
slide15. Dongtan consists today of 10 wind turbines - no buildings, water taxis, water cleansing plant or energy centres.
Construction was to have started in 2006 but nothing has happened yet.
The project's project coordinator in the Communist Party has been jailed, charged with corruption, and consultants Arup have since been criticised for participating in numerous dodgy sustainable construction projects.
The Dongtan project seems to have lost its momentum, and because of the delay it has been given a mixed reception.
Although the project involves construction of a sustainable city, further doubts have arisen as to whether it can be defined as sustainable, taking into consideration the fact that it would sit on a disappearing green area outside Shanghai.
The most sustainable use for this vital area, which constitutes one of China's largest bird reserves, would be for it to remain undeveloped. But!<br>
slide17. Quaternary Job Employment that involves using high technology and innovation. Software Designer Geneticist Graphic Designer “the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services, freer international capital (money) flows and more rapid and widespread diffusion (spread) of technology” UNIT 4 PEOPLE AND THE PLANET ‘War on terror’ The latest gadgets Petrol prices and food from the ‘global village’ Global warming New flows of people Music, art and fashion Impacts of Globalisation World Wide
More women working but less pay than men
Improvement in working conditions
Increased skills and more goods/services available Developed World
Wages improved
High prices charged for products/services
Mostly good working conditions
flexibility when and where you work Developing World
Can sell produce and provide services to a greater number of places
Pay higher prices for developed world’s services and products
Lower prices for their products than developed world
Lower wages and exploitation of workers<br>
slide18. FDI (foreign direct investment)
This is the investment (money) that flows from one country to another (often from TNC’s).
May involve buying a business/factory in a country or expanding an existing business in that country.
Done to take advantage of cheaper labour or resources to increase profit! Pay may be low for workers
Training may only be for low level skills
May be long shifts
May be poor working conditions UNIT 4 PEOPLE AND THE PLANET Key themes; Reasons why Globalisation is
rapidly increasing Lower transport costs
Shipping – ships take 90% of goods across the world and have become larger. Fuel efficiency has reduced fuel consumption, therefore large ships are as cheap as small ones to run.
Containerization – most goods come from Asia in containers = easier to store and transport. Most containers have bar codes so it is easier to identify what good it is e.g. cars
Aircraft – More expensive than shipping, therefore only 0.2% of goods are transported by aircraft. Goods on aircraft are more valuable than by ships e.g. medical equipment, fruit and vegetables. TNC (transnational corporations) growth and mergers
Each TNC started small and then grew through:
Growth in sales of popular products e.g. Apple.
Merger with other companies, by consolidating or creating a conglomerate. State-led Investment
A countries government keeps tight control over its banks. They use money from household savings and overseas trade to fund state owned companies (controlled by the government). Example China!!! What is a TNC? Transnational Corporations (TNC)
Large companies that operate in different countries
Different industries e.g. electronics
Headquarters usually in a ‘global city’ in an MEDC (HIC – high income country) E.g. London, New York
Sell products in MEDC’s for a high profit (Tertiary sector)
Manufacture or make products in LEDC’s for cheap labour and materials (secondary sector) Pro’s & Con’s
TNC’s in LIC Local people earn higher and regular wages
TNC;s bring new skills
TNC’s bring investment
TNC’s pay taxes which boost the local economy Secondary
sector Tertiary
Sector TNC’s Often customer services
Relocated to where staff and building costs are cheaper
Made possible by modern communication e.g. internet Retail outlets located across the world
Working conditions are generally better than secondary sector ‘sweatshops’<br>
slide19. UNIT 4 PEOPLE AND THE PLANET IMF WTO World Bank TNC UN International Organisation's
that play a role in Globalisation BT telecommunications
Nike TNC Case Studies Outsourcing New economy Footloose Sweatshops Cost/profit Winners and Losers
Of Globalisation Newly Industrialising country (NIC)
Bangladesh
Rapid economic growth
Government allow TNC’s to take advantage of low wages
Controversial = wages, working conditions, labour laws and more opportunities for men in better jobs Deindustrialisation
Industry closed
Fewer apprenticeships available for young people, therefore only low paid work
Older people with unwanted skilled struggle to find new jobs
Few jobs in manufacturing – unemployed skilled workers
Industry could not complete with cheaper labour costs from LIC’s<br>
slide20. Learning Links Summary Can you summarise the key topic areas we have learnt about for this unit: Going Global? Without looking?<br>
slide2. Today’s lesson: To look at the essay question you had last time – how did you get on?
To check we are happy with what industrialisation is and how this links with development.
To look at China’s environmental protection framework.
After Christmas: Soil erosion & forest resources, sustainable cities.
Population.<br>
slide3. Cai Jing is a journalist and using her own experiences created a documentary which I have found in 8 parts on youtube – links below. Under the dome part 1
Under the dome part 2
under the dome part 3
under the dome part 4
under the dome part 5
under the dome part 6
under the dome part 7
under the dome part 8 The first video is upseting at first.<br>
slide4. China to spend big to clean up its air China's polluters to face large fines under law change<br>
slide5. New environmental protection provisions came into effect in January 2015. The government's environmental agencies will be allowed to enforce strict penalties and seize property of illegal polluters.
Companies that break the law will be "named and shamed", with company executives subject to prison sentences of 15 days.
There will be no upper limit on fines; previously, it was often cheaper for companies to pay the small fines imposed than to install anti-pollution measures.
The new law has 70 provisions, compared to the 47 of the previous law. More than 300 different groups will be able to sue on the behalf of people harmed by pollution.
It remains to be seen whether these changes to the law will overcome some of the traditional problems with environmental litigation in China, such as difficulty getting cases accepted by the court, trouble gathering evidence and interference from local government. The new environmental protection provisions in China<br>
slide6. Under the new law, local governments are subject to discipline for failing to enforce environmental laws.
Regions are no longer be judged solely on their economic progress, but instead must balance progress with environmental protection.
Local governments are now required to disclose environmental information to the public.
Individuals are now encouraged to "adopt a low-carbon and frugal lifestyle and perform environmental protection duties" such as recycling their garbage under the law.<br>
slide7. What else is happening? The US and China have shifted their positions
The past five years have seen significant shifts in position from the most influential countries, notably China and the US. Despite a divided Congress, President Obama has committed to reducing emissions, making climate change a defining issue of his second term.
China has an ambitious strategy to grow its renewables sector, with tough new laws on air
pollution and strong action on limiting coal consumption. Last year, the two countries signed an agreement to work together on carbon reduction in crucial sectors including transport and energy efficiency.
Taken from http://www.green-alliance.org.uk/resources/Paris%202015-getting%20a%20global%20agreement%20on%20climate%20change.pdf<br>
slide9. Can you make the link between development and industrialisation?<br>
slide10. PEOPLE AND THE PLANET Globalisation Clarke Fisher Model Post-industrial Stage - In this stage the tertiary sector become most important.
Secondary sector tends to die away.
As more people start to live in towns, there is a growing demand for various services - from health and education to transport and finance.
Quaternary jobs begin to form too as the country becomes wealthier. High income countries. Industrial Stage –
As time passes, manufacturing increases, New factories spring up in many locations.
So the secondary sector grows in importance.
The tertiary sector also grows (but not as fast)
The primary sector continues to decline in this period as the country industrialises.
Middle income countries. Pre-industrial Stage –the LEDC’s have high amounts of primary industries due to the fact that there is a lack of education and they are mainly subsistence farmers. There are very few jobs in the tertiary and manufacturing sectors, due to lack of money to set up these factories or build them. Low income countries This model is based on what happened in developed countries like Britain. It may not work in the same way for developing countries which may miss some part of the model.
For example, some developing countries might encourage tourism (tertiary) in their country and miss the Industrial Stage, such as the Gambia in Africa. Primary Secondary Tertiary MEDC LEDC NIC (newly industrialised country) The basic idea-
As a country increases its wealth or develops; the number of people employed in each employment sector changes. Primary Job Secondary Job Tertiary Job Employment (job) involving taking (extracting) natural resources from the earth (land or sea) Fisherman Miner Farmer Employment that involves making (manufacturing) raw materials into something else. E.g. making cotton into a shirt. Employment that involves the worker providing a SERVICE. Builder Factory Worker Carpenter Doctor Train Driver Hotel Maid Quaternary HIC
(HIGH INCOME COUNTRY) LIC
(low income country) MIC – (middle income country)<br>
slide11. Sustainable cities: Dongtan Eco city<br>
slide12. The Eco Wonder: Called by its designers “the world’s first purpose-built eco city,” Dongtan will be powered entirely by renewable energy sources and supplied with battery or fuel-cell vehicles and solar-powered water taxis. Plans call for Dongtan, which will be located on Chongming Island in the Yangtze River Delta near Shanghai, to house up to half a million people by 2050. Tourist attractions will include a leisure park, a science exhibition, an educational centre, and wildlife conservation areas surrounding Dongtan’s three distinct villages.
What’s Behind It: Even skeptics of this Chinese eco wonder are impressed. The Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation is developing the site with contractors who use a mix of traditional and innovative measures like low-energy air-conditioning and green roofs. Dongtan will use half the water and create one-sixth the waste of a comparable city, even with 20 acres set aside for producing native foods like corn, rice, and fish. Nearby farms will be restored as wetlands, with a 2.1-mile buffer around the city to control ground pollution.<br>
slide13. In 2005, the Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation (SIIC) hired the consultancy Arup to design a city which would exclusively use sustainable energy, be self-sufficient and reduce energy consumption by 66% in relation to its neighbour Shanghai. The plan is for Dongtan to house 500,000 people from rural areas. China faces pressing energy problems. Migration from the land to the cities means it will be necessary to build some 400 cities by 2020 to house 300 million people from rural areas. In order to meet their increasing energy consumption they will have to focus more sharply on energy-efficient design and technology, on the quality of urban planning strategies and to increase the degree of sustainable development. Solar panels, wind turbines and biomass-based fuels will produce all the energy Dongtan will need. Most buildings will have photovoltaic cell arrays on their roofs. A minimum of 20% of Dongtan's energy requirements will be covered by wind power. A lot of the energy will be produced by a large wind turbine farm outside the city and micro wind turbines adapted to buildings and roads will produce electricity for the individual blocks of flats. Up to 80% of the city's refuse will be recycled, and some of the organic waste, including rice husks, will be used to make energy to power a combined heat and power plant. Rice husks and other organic waste will be loaded into large bioreactors which will gasify the waste to produce electricity and heat. All the buildings in Dongtan will be zero-energy or passive structures. Establishing gardens or other green vegetation on the rooftops will provide insulation and filter rainwater, thus helping to reduce energy consumption. Natural ventilation will be provided by adapting to the local microclimate and positioning individual buildings accordingly. Windows, especially those facing north, will have thermal glass to minimise the need for heating and therefore the consumption of energy.<br>
slide14. In 2005, the Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation (SIIC) hired the consultancy Arup to design a city which would exclusively use sustainable energy, be self-sufficient and reduce energy consumption by 66% in relation to its neighbour Shanghai. The plan is for Dongtan to house 500,000 people from rural areas. China faces pressing energy problems. Migration from the land to the cities means it will be necessary to build some 400 cities by 2020 to house 300 million people from rural areas. In order to meet their increasing energy consumption they will have to focus more sharply on energy-efficient design and technology, on the quality of urban planning strategies and to increase the degree of sustainable development. Solar panels, wind turbines and biomass-based fuels will produce all the energy Dongtan will need. Most buildings will have photovoltaic cell arrays on their roofs. A minimum of 20% of Dongtan's energy requirements will be covered by wind power. A lot of the energy will be produced by a large wind turbine farm outside the city and micro wind turbines adapted to buildings and roads will produce electricity for the individual blocks of flats. Up to 80% of the city's refuse will be recycled, and some of the organic waste, including rice husks, will be used to make energy to power a combined heat and power plant. Rice husks and other organic waste will be loaded into large bioreactors which will gasify the waste to produce electricity and heat. All the buildings in Dongtan will be zero-energy or passive structures. Establishing gardens or other green vegetation on the rooftops will provide insulation and filter rainwater, thus helping to reduce energy consumption. Natural ventilation will be provided by adapting to the local microclimate and positioning individual buildings accordingly. Windows, especially those facing north, will have thermal glass to minimise the need for heating and therefore the consumption of energy.<br>
slide15. Dongtan consists today of 10 wind turbines - no buildings, water taxis, water cleansing plant or energy centres.
Construction was to have started in 2006 but nothing has happened yet.
The project's project coordinator in the Communist Party has been jailed, charged with corruption, and consultants Arup have since been criticised for participating in numerous dodgy sustainable construction projects.
The Dongtan project seems to have lost its momentum, and because of the delay it has been given a mixed reception.
Although the project involves construction of a sustainable city, further doubts have arisen as to whether it can be defined as sustainable, taking into consideration the fact that it would sit on a disappearing green area outside Shanghai.
The most sustainable use for this vital area, which constitutes one of China's largest bird reserves, would be for it to remain undeveloped. But!<br>
slide17. Quaternary Job Employment that involves using high technology and innovation. Software Designer Geneticist Graphic Designer “the growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross border transactions in goods and services, freer international capital (money) flows and more rapid and widespread diffusion (spread) of technology” UNIT 4 PEOPLE AND THE PLANET ‘War on terror’ The latest gadgets Petrol prices and food from the ‘global village’ Global warming New flows of people Music, art and fashion Impacts of Globalisation World Wide
More women working but less pay than men
Improvement in working conditions
Increased skills and more goods/services available Developed World
Wages improved
High prices charged for products/services
Mostly good working conditions
flexibility when and where you work Developing World
Can sell produce and provide services to a greater number of places
Pay higher prices for developed world’s services and products
Lower prices for their products than developed world
Lower wages and exploitation of workers<br>
slide18. FDI (foreign direct investment)
This is the investment (money) that flows from one country to another (often from TNC’s).
May involve buying a business/factory in a country or expanding an existing business in that country.
Done to take advantage of cheaper labour or resources to increase profit! Pay may be low for workers
Training may only be for low level skills
May be long shifts
May be poor working conditions UNIT 4 PEOPLE AND THE PLANET Key themes; Reasons why Globalisation is
rapidly increasing Lower transport costs
Shipping – ships take 90% of goods across the world and have become larger. Fuel efficiency has reduced fuel consumption, therefore large ships are as cheap as small ones to run.
Containerization – most goods come from Asia in containers = easier to store and transport. Most containers have bar codes so it is easier to identify what good it is e.g. cars
Aircraft – More expensive than shipping, therefore only 0.2% of goods are transported by aircraft. Goods on aircraft are more valuable than by ships e.g. medical equipment, fruit and vegetables. TNC (transnational corporations) growth and mergers
Each TNC started small and then grew through:
Growth in sales of popular products e.g. Apple.
Merger with other companies, by consolidating or creating a conglomerate. State-led Investment
A countries government keeps tight control over its banks. They use money from household savings and overseas trade to fund state owned companies (controlled by the government). Example China!!! What is a TNC? Transnational Corporations (TNC)
Large companies that operate in different countries
Different industries e.g. electronics
Headquarters usually in a ‘global city’ in an MEDC (HIC – high income country) E.g. London, New York
Sell products in MEDC’s for a high profit (Tertiary sector)
Manufacture or make products in LEDC’s for cheap labour and materials (secondary sector) Pro’s & Con’s
TNC’s in LIC Local people earn higher and regular wages
TNC;s bring new skills
TNC’s bring investment
TNC’s pay taxes which boost the local economy Secondary
sector Tertiary
Sector TNC’s Often customer services
Relocated to where staff and building costs are cheaper
Made possible by modern communication e.g. internet Retail outlets located across the world
Working conditions are generally better than secondary sector ‘sweatshops’<br>
slide19. UNIT 4 PEOPLE AND THE PLANET IMF WTO World Bank TNC UN International Organisation's
that play a role in Globalisation BT telecommunications
Nike TNC Case Studies Outsourcing New economy Footloose Sweatshops Cost/profit Winners and Losers
Of Globalisation Newly Industrialising country (NIC)
Bangladesh
Rapid economic growth
Government allow TNC’s to take advantage of low wages
Controversial = wages, working conditions, labour laws and more opportunities for men in better jobs Deindustrialisation
Industry closed
Fewer apprenticeships available for young people, therefore only low paid work
Older people with unwanted skilled struggle to find new jobs
Few jobs in manufacturing – unemployed skilled workers
Industry could not complete with cheaper labour costs from LIC’s<br>
slide20. Learning Links Summary Can you summarise the key topic areas we have learnt about for this unit: Going Global? Without looking?<br>