Measles epidemiology and prevention Dr. Piyush
Description: Measles epidemiology and prevention Dr. Piyush Gupta Assistant professor It is an acute highly contagious viral disease caused by Paramyxovirus. It is characterized by fever and URT symptoms followed by typical rashes. It is associated with
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slide1. Measles epidemiology and prevention Dr. Piyush Gupta
Assistant professor<br>
slide2. It is an acute highly contagious viral disease caused by Paramyxovirus.
It is characterized by fever and URT symptoms followed by typical rashes.
It is associated with high morbidity and mortality in developing countries .
There is no animal reservoir of infection.<br>
slide3. Epidemiological determinants-(agent factor) Agent – Paramyxovirus (RNA virus, only one serotype)
Source of infection- the only source of infection is a case of measles , no carrier .
Infective material- Secretions of nose, throat, of a case of measles .
Period of communicability- the disease is highly infectious during the prodromal period and early stages of rash.
Infection confers life long immunity.<br>
slide4. Host factor- Age- Infancy to childhood (06 months to 5 years – but most commonly affect 06 months to 03 years)
Sex- incidence equal in male and female.
No age is immune, if there is no previous immunity, one attack of measles confers life long immunity.
The severity of disease depends on nutrition status of child.<br>
slide5. Environmental factor - In our country the epidemic of measles are common during winter and early spring.
Transmission – Mainly direct from person to person mainly by droplet infection and droplet nuclei, from 04 days before onset of rash until 04 days thereafter.
The portal of entry is respiratory tract.<br>
slide6. Conti.. Incubation period – commonly 10 days from exposure to onset of fever and 14 days to appearance of rashes.
Clinical features - three stages – prodromal , eruptive phase and post measles stages.<br>
slide7. Prodromal stage – it begins 10 days after infection and last until day 14 .It is characterized by fever , cough , sneezing , nasal discharge and redness of eyes.
A day or two before the appearance of the rash Koplik’s spot like table salt crystal appear on the buccal mucosa opposite the first and second molars. They are small bluish –white spot on a red base , smaller than head of pin is pathogenomic of measles .<br>
slide8. Conti.. Eruptive phase- mainly dusky–red macular, maculo-papular rashes which begins behind the ears and rapidly spread in a few hours over the face and neck and extended down the body taking 2 to 3 days to progress to the lower extremities.
In absence of complication The rashes fade in same order of (later 03-04 days )appearance leaving a brownish discoloration which may persist for 02 months on more.<br>
slide9. Post measles stage-
Child will have weight loss and remain weak for several days. There may be failure to recover and deteroriation into chronic illness due to increase chances of secondary infections.<br>
slide10. Complications of measles–
Measles associated diarrhea
Pneumonia and other respiratory complication.
Otitis media
Neurological complication –(Febrile convulsion ,Encephalitis, Subacute sclerosing pan-encephalitis)<br>
slide11. Prevention- The prevention of measles is mainly through measles vaccination.
Measles vaccine – live attenuated vaccine,
Product – freeze dried form , suitable temperature- 2-8 degree c.
Diluent- Distilled water,
Dose – 0.5 ml (two doses) , route – Subcutaneously.
Age – 1st dose 09-12 month , 02nd dose -16-24 months.
Immunity – it develops 10-12 days after vaccination, remain probably life long<br>
slide12. Contraindication of vaccination-
High grade fever ,
Any other sign of serious disease,
h/o anaphylactic reaction to neomycin.
Any immune-compromised state .<br>
slide13. Measles may be prevented by administration of immunoglobulin early in incubation period.
Dose- 0.25ml/kg
Time- with in 03-04 days of exposure .
Measles vaccination 08-12 weeks later.<br>
slide14. Outbreak control measures - Isolation for 07 days after onset of rashes .
Immunization of contacts within 02 days of exposure.
Prompt immunization at the beginning of an epidemic is essential to limit the spread.<br>
Assistant professor<br>
slide2. It is an acute highly contagious viral disease caused by Paramyxovirus.
It is characterized by fever and URT symptoms followed by typical rashes.
It is associated with high morbidity and mortality in developing countries .
There is no animal reservoir of infection.<br>
slide3. Epidemiological determinants-(agent factor) Agent – Paramyxovirus (RNA virus, only one serotype)
Source of infection- the only source of infection is a case of measles , no carrier .
Infective material- Secretions of nose, throat, of a case of measles .
Period of communicability- the disease is highly infectious during the prodromal period and early stages of rash.
Infection confers life long immunity.<br>
slide4. Host factor- Age- Infancy to childhood (06 months to 5 years – but most commonly affect 06 months to 03 years)
Sex- incidence equal in male and female.
No age is immune, if there is no previous immunity, one attack of measles confers life long immunity.
The severity of disease depends on nutrition status of child.<br>
slide5. Environmental factor - In our country the epidemic of measles are common during winter and early spring.
Transmission – Mainly direct from person to person mainly by droplet infection and droplet nuclei, from 04 days before onset of rash until 04 days thereafter.
The portal of entry is respiratory tract.<br>
slide6. Conti.. Incubation period – commonly 10 days from exposure to onset of fever and 14 days to appearance of rashes.
Clinical features - three stages – prodromal , eruptive phase and post measles stages.<br>
slide7. Prodromal stage – it begins 10 days after infection and last until day 14 .It is characterized by fever , cough , sneezing , nasal discharge and redness of eyes.
A day or two before the appearance of the rash Koplik’s spot like table salt crystal appear on the buccal mucosa opposite the first and second molars. They are small bluish –white spot on a red base , smaller than head of pin is pathogenomic of measles .<br>
slide8. Conti.. Eruptive phase- mainly dusky–red macular, maculo-papular rashes which begins behind the ears and rapidly spread in a few hours over the face and neck and extended down the body taking 2 to 3 days to progress to the lower extremities.
In absence of complication The rashes fade in same order of (later 03-04 days )appearance leaving a brownish discoloration which may persist for 02 months on more.<br>
slide9. Post measles stage-
Child will have weight loss and remain weak for several days. There may be failure to recover and deteroriation into chronic illness due to increase chances of secondary infections.<br>
slide10. Complications of measles–
Measles associated diarrhea
Pneumonia and other respiratory complication.
Otitis media
Neurological complication –(Febrile convulsion ,Encephalitis, Subacute sclerosing pan-encephalitis)<br>
slide11. Prevention- The prevention of measles is mainly through measles vaccination.
Measles vaccine – live attenuated vaccine,
Product – freeze dried form , suitable temperature- 2-8 degree c.
Diluent- Distilled water,
Dose – 0.5 ml (two doses) , route – Subcutaneously.
Age – 1st dose 09-12 month , 02nd dose -16-24 months.
Immunity – it develops 10-12 days after vaccination, remain probably life long<br>
slide12. Contraindication of vaccination-
High grade fever ,
Any other sign of serious disease,
h/o anaphylactic reaction to neomycin.
Any immune-compromised state .<br>
slide13. Measles may be prevented by administration of immunoglobulin early in incubation period.
Dose- 0.25ml/kg
Time- with in 03-04 days of exposure .
Measles vaccination 08-12 weeks later.<br>
slide14. Outbreak control measures - Isolation for 07 days after onset of rashes .
Immunization of contacts within 02 days of exposure.
Prompt immunization at the beginning of an epidemic is essential to limit the spread.<br>