PPT- 054-01 1 Bureau of Workers’ Comp PA Training

slide1. PPT- 054-01 1 Bureau of Workers’ Comp
PA Training for Health & Safety (PATHS) 29 CFR 1910.303
29 CFR 1910.305
29 CFR 1926.400-449,Subpart K
NFPA 70E ARC FLASH SAFETY<br>
slide2. PPT- 054-01 2 OSHA Cited Violations: FY 2010 OSHA has long understood the importance of safety in this area and tracks electrical violations

OSHA Most Cited Violations (2010)
Electrical-General Requirements (1910.303): 2,770
Lock-out/Tag-out (1910.147): 3,531<br>
slide3. PPT- 054-01 3 OSHA Violations FY 2010 1926.400-449, Subpart K

404(f)(6) Grounding path 473
404(b)(1)(i) Ground fault protection 338
405(g)(2)(iv) Flexible cords-strain
relief 277
416(e)(1) Worn/frayed cords
or cables 256
403(b)(2) Equipment installation
and use 241<br>
slide4. PPT- 054-01 4 OSHA Violations FY 2011 1910.147 Lock-out/Tag-out 3,639
1910.305 Electrical-Wiring
Methods 3,584
1910.303 Electrical-General
Requirements 2,863<br>
slide5. PPT- 054-01 5 Electrical Hazards Shock

Electrocution: 4th  leading cause of  industrial fatalities

Fires

Burns

Arc Flash

Arc Blast<br>
slide6. PPT- 054-01 6 Arc Flash Defined Electrical work may cause injury or death
One severe occurrence is the Arc Flash event

“Arc Flash: an electrical discharge that uses the air as a conductor, exploding from a high voltage source to another conductor or ground nearby. The release can be 5,000oF or hotter, melting nearby metals and damaging the electric circuits involved. The brightness, heat and force of the arc flash can cause damage to the human body.”

Tyler Lacoma, eHow Contributor, http://www.ehow.com/about_5110071_definition-arc-flash.html<br>
slide7. PPT- 054-01 7 Arc Flash Hazards resulting
from arch flash:

Heat
Shrapnel
Pressure
Sound
Intense light
UV
IR<br>
slide8. PPT- 054-01 8 Arc Flash Hazards Statistics:*
5 to 10 such serious arc flashes a day occur in the United States

Result: 1 to 2 fatalities

Although protective clothing exists, there is no guarantee against such severe energy releases.

*Dr. Mary Capelli-Schellpfeffer, “Arc Flash Presentation,” as quoted in eHow.com facts, May 30, 2012<br>
slide9. PPT- 054-01 9 Causes of Arc Flash Overloading/overheating  of circuits

Damaged circuit breakers

Over-fusing

Wiring in a non workman  -like manner

Faulty electrical panels<br>
slide10. PPT- 054-01 10 Causes of Arc Flash System overload

Incorrect wire gauge for  system requirements<br>
slide11. PPT- 054-01 11 Causes of Arc Flash Faulty panels or
overloading panels<br>
slide12. PPT- 054-01 12 Arc Blast Accompanies the flash

Intense radiant heat  released

Nearby surfaces  (persons and objects)  absorb and are  instantly heated to  vaporizing temperatures<br>
slide13. PPT- 054-01 13 Arc Blast Hazards Serious situations!!<br>
slide14. PPT- 054-01 14 Electrical System Susceptibility System Hazard

Less then 120V Arc flash highly improbable

480V electrical Sufficient capacity to cause
services

Above 600V Medium-voltage with higher
energy/potential for an arc
flash event

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_flash<br>
slide15. PPT- 054-01 15 Arc Flash Energy Released Per Wikipedia

Example: single phase-to-phase fault on 480V system with 20,000 amps of fault current

Resulting power is 9.6 MW

If fault lasts 10 cycles at 60Hz, resulting energy would be 1.6 megajoules

Comparison: TNT releases 2,175 J/g or more when detonated. This fault is equal to 380 grams (about 0.8 pounds) of TNT !!!

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_flash<br>
slide16. PPT- 054-01 16 Possible “Traps” Beware of a “profusion of electrical confusion”<br>
slide17. PPT- 054-01 17 Current/Reaction Chart Current Reaction
Below 1 milliampere Generally not perceptible.
1 milliampere Faint tingle.
5 milliampere Slight shock. Not painful-disturbing. Average person can let go. Strong involuntary reactions can lead to other injuries.
6-25 milliamperes Painful shock. Loss of muscular control.
(women)
9-30 milliamperes Freezing current (“let-go” range). Person can not let go but can be thrown from the current if extensor muscles are stimulated.
50-150 milliamperes Extreme pain, respiratory arrest, severe muscular contractions. Death is possible
1,000-4,300 Rhythmic pumping action of heart ceases. Muscular milliamperes contraction and nerve damage occur; death likely.
10,000 milliamperes Cardiac arrest, severe burns; death probable. OSHA Training Institute, “Construction Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards,” April, 2011<br>
slide18. PPT- 054-01 18 Need for an Arc Flash Study Numerous inherent  dangers when working  around electrical
systems

Safety from arc flash  should include an Arc
Flash Study

Done prior to
conducting work on  hazardous locations<br>
slide19. PPT- 054-01 19 Arc Flash Study Study components per IEEE 1584:
Data Collection (steps 1 & 2)
System diagrams
Modes of operation scenarios
Analysis (steps 3-7)
Determination of bolted fault currents
Protective devices recommended
Document system voltages & classes of equipment
Determine working distance from arc flash source<br>
slide20. PPT- 054-01 20 Arc Flash Study Arc Flash Hazard Analysis (Steps 8 & 9)

Incident energy determination
(Energy needed for an arc flash to cause second-degree burns)

Flash protection boundaries
(Distance where the second-degree burns are caused, or where the incident energy is 1.2 calories per centimeter squared or 1.2 cal/cm2)

Both may be calculated using NFPA or IEEE equations

Diane Bonder, eHow Contributor<br>
slide21. PPT- 054-01 21 Aids to Safe Operations NFPA 70E-2004 Standard
for Electrical Safety
Requirements for
Employee Workplaces


IEEE 1584 Guide for Arc  Flash Hazard Calculations<br>
slide22. PPT- 054-01 22 Arc Flash Hazard Analysis Results aid in determining: Proper PPE, distance-dependent from possible threat:
- Shirts
- Pants
- Underwear
- Goggles
- Gloves - Hard hats
- Shields, face and neck
- Heating protection
- Shoes<br>
slide23. PPT- 054-01 23 Safe Distance Calculations Used to determine safe distances and PPE

Variables taken into account:

Voltage

Working distance

Clearing time

Grounding

Gap between conductors

Bolted fault current<br>
slide24. PPT- 054-01 24 Arc Flash Boundaries “Distance from an arc flash within which an unprotected person has a 50% chance of receiving a second degree burn”<br>
slide25. PPT- 054-01 25 Flash Protection Boundary Arc flash hazard is based on:

Fault current
Arcing time
Distance

Preplanning your facility will enhance the safety of your staff<br>
slide26. PPT- 054-01 26 PPE Based on Incident Energy Preplan<br>
slide27. PPT- 054-01 27 PPE by Hazard Risk Category Findings compared to table which indicates arc thermal performance of clothing

Dangers above a 4 is prohibited

“No Safe PPE Exists Energized Work Prohibited”<br>
slide28. PPT- 054-01 28 Definitions Voltage (E): electromotive force (emf) that  forces electrons to flow through a circuit  measured in Volts (V)

Current (I): the number of electrons that flow  past a point in a circuit in one second measured  in Amperes or Amps (A)

Resistance (R): the opposition to current flow  in a circuit that contains only resistance and is  measured in ohms<br>
slide29. PPT- 054-01 29 Relationship between E, I, R
“One volt of electromotive force will force one  ampere of current to flow through one ohm of  resistance” E I R By knowing 2 of these variables, the other can be calculated! Ohm’s Law<br>
slide30. PPT- 054-01 30 Power Formula Power: the rate at which  work is done and is  measured in Watts (W)
(E x I)=Watts

So Power is equal to
P= E x I

Power can be measured in  the thousands of watts per  hour and reads as KWH or  kilowatthours<br>
slide31. PPT- 054-01 31 Horsepower and Watts Horsepower is the unit of  measure for mechanical  energy

746 Watts = 1 Horsepower  (hp) or P = E x I
 
Flow of Amps= E/R

Additional information<br>
slide32. PPT- 054-01 32 Qualified Person Qualified Person: One who has received training  in and has demonstrated skills and knowledge in  the construction and operation of electric  equipment and installations and the hazards  involved

OSHA defines these as specially trained to work  on live electrical equipment
 
Unqualified Person: per 1910.332(b)(2) must still  be trained in safe electrical practices for their  support jobs (painters, cleaners as examples)<br>
slide33. PPT- 054-01 33 Types of Damage Fully understand the hazards related to these activities

If possible, review case histories of your industry to devise safe operations<br>
slide34. PPT- 054-01 34 Caution!! Abide by distances determined by NFPA or IEEE

NO SHORT CUTS!!!<br>
slide35. PPT- 054-01 35 Signage Ensure signage fits hazard and conforms to regulatory requirements<br>
slide36. PPT- 054-01 36 Hazard Preplan Use checklists to  preplan equipment  needs when  performing service or  maintenance

Label systems for  future maintenance  and arc flash studies<br>
slide37. PPT- 054-01 37 Safety Precautions: PPE PPE should fit the  requirements of  the job

Specific level of  PPE is required<br>
slide38. PPT- 054-01 38 PPE Tests for arc rating of PPE
Found in ASTM F1506  “Standard Performance  Specifications for Flame  Resistant Textile  Materials for Wearing  Apparel for Use by  Electrical Workers  Exposed to Momentary  Electric Arc and Related  Thermal Hazards”<br>
slide39. PPT- 054-01 39 Match PPE to Task Level 2 Protective Coverall<br>
slide40. PPT- 054-01 40 Match PPE to Task<br>
slide41. PPT- 054-01 41 Match PPE to Task Prepare for the possible!<br>
slide42. PPT- 054-01 42 Tools Support equipment  rated for the task

Tools properly  insulated

Correct support  equipment for the  job<br>
slide43. PPT- 054-01 43 Safety Robotic removal or disengagement devices can do much to maximize personnel safety

Also:
Draw-out circuit  breakers on a life bus
Remote racking<br>
slide44. PPT- 054-01 44 Safe Work Practices Lock-out/Tag-out:

Make sure you’re wearing the proper PPE for this job also<br>
slide45. PPT- 054-01 45 Avoiding Arc Flash Assign qualified person
Conduct system analysis to  determine arc flash hazard
When working, secure all  power and enact Lock- out/Tag-out
Proper tools and PPE rated  for the job
Assign electrical safety  program manager familiar  with codes
Properly maintain system  and components
Apply warning labels<br>
slide46. PPT- 054-01 46 Some Questions OSHA will Ask From EHSToday, March 13, 2008 (and still timely), Kenneth Cybart:

OSHA’s goal: for employers to identify all electrical hazards, potential and actual

Analyze workplace for shock and arc flash hazards, set safe protection boundaries and define required PPE

Circuit or equipment description at job location? Written description, drawing

Detailed job description of work?<br>
slide47. PPT- 054-01 47 Some Questions OSHA will Ask Can the fact that the equipment cannot be de-energized or job be deferred be justified?

1910.333(a)(1) Live parts must be de-energized before employee works on/near them
Less than 50 volts to ground need not be de-energized if there will be no increased exposure to electrical burns or to explosion due to electric arcs

However, never work on live circuits unless absolutely necessary<br>
slide48. PPT- 054-01 48 Some Questions OSHA will Ask Live circuit work necessary?

OSHA 1910.33(a)(2): Safety-related work practices required

NFPA 70E Article 110.8(B)(1): Electrical Hazard Analysis required before work performed on live equipment operating at 50 volts and higher

Other questions to ask:
- Safe work procedures?
-Detailed work procedure established? Will it be used?
-Job briefing checklist performed?<br>
slide49. PPT- 054-01 49 Some Questions OSHA will Ask Was job briefing given to those doing the job?

Proper management approval obtained?

NFPA 70E annexes to assist your program:

Annex Topic

E Electrical Safety Programs
F Hazard Risk Evaluation Procedures
I Job Briefing Checklists
J Energized Work Permits<br>
slide50. PPT- 054-01 50 Some Questions OSHA will Ask Electrical safety analyses performed?
Arc flash hazard analysis performed?
Flash protection boundaries established?
Other potential electrical hazards identified?
Proper insulated tools and equipment used?
Necessary PPE determined?
Insulated blankets/sheeting used to cover all liveparts?<br>
slide51. PPT- 054-01 51 Some Questions OSHA will Ask OSHA: Every employer shall furnish a place of  employment free from recognized hazards…causing  or likely to cause death or serious physical harm…

NFPA 70E: Employers to conduct an electrical  hazard assessment to include a hazard analysis for  shock and arc flash before performing work on live  equipment operating at 50 volts and higher

Review the following when creating your program:
OSHA 1910.132 and 1910.333(a)(1)(i) as well as
1910.269(a)(2)(iii)<br>
slide52. PPT- 054-01 52 Summary Appreciate the severe consequences which are  possible when working with electrical systems

Fully plan the job; know and enact safeguards

Match the required PPE and equipment  to the task

Consider possible emergency response needs for  yourself and your team and include in your plan

Conduct the job safely

Restore safely

GET HOME SAFELY!!!<br>
slide53. PPT- 054-01 53 Bibliography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_flash

Tyler Lacoma, eHow Contributor, http://www.ehow.com/about_5110071_definition-arc-flash.html

Dr. Mary Capelli-Schellpfeffer, “Arc Flash Presentation,” as quoted in eHow.com facts, May 30, 2012

Diane Bonder, eHow Contributor

OSHA Training Institute, “Construction Focus Four: Electrocution Hazards,” April, 2011

http://ehstoday.com/construction/ehs_imp_79112<br>
slide54. PPT- 054-01 53 Bibliography Practical Solution Guide to Arc Flash Hazards, Chet Davis, P.E., Conrad St. Pierre, David Castor, P.E., Robert Luo, PhD, Satish Shrestha, ESA , 2003.

ASTM F1506
“Standard Performance Specifications for Flame Resistant Textile Materials for Wearing Apparel for Use by Electrical Workers Exposed to Momentary Electric Arc and Related Thermal Hazards.”<br>
slide55. PPT-054-01 54 Health & Safety Training Specialists
1171 South Cameron Street, Room 324
Harrisburg, PA 17104-2501
(717) 772-1635
RA-LI-BWC-PATHS@pa.gov Contact Information Like us on Facebook! - https://www.facebook.com/BWCPATHS<br>
slide56. Questions PPT- 054-01 55 ?????
Questions
&
Answers<br>