SILICON FERTILIZATION History Justius von Liebig
Description: SILICON FERTILIZATION History Justius von Liebig (1803-1873). Agronomist, chemist from Germany. He first suggested use silicon fertilizer (sodium silicate) in 1840. First greenhouse experiment was conducted on sugar beet. Prof. J. B. Lawes
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slide1. SILICON FERTILIZATION<br>
slide2. History Justius von Liebig (1803-1873). Agronomist, chemist from Germany. He first suggested use silicon fertilizer (sodium silicate) in 1840. First greenhouse experiment was conducted on sugar beet.
Prof. J. B. Lawes start first field experiments with silicon fertilizer in 1856 (Rothamsted Station, UK)<br>
slide3. Why Silicon ? Although silicon is not an essential nutrient for most higher plants, it has many direct and indirect positive effects on the growth and metabolism of plants.
Silicon can benefit plant growth through greater yields (rice and cucumber) or sugar content (sugarcane).
Silicon also can be very useful especially when plants are under abiotic or biotic stress.
Silicon may enhance soil fertility, improve soil physical properties, improve disease and pest resistance, increase photosynthesis, regulate evapotranspiration, increase tolerance to toxic elements such as Fe and Mn and reduce frost damage<br>
slide4. Role of silicon in plants Contributes to the strength and thickness of cell walls, helping to keep plants erect and resisting attacks by fungi and insects
Helps the plant survive unfavorable climatic conditions
Produces thicker, whiter, healthier root systems
Alleviates high salinity, toxic levels of Mn and Al and heavy metals, increases Fe and P availability
Deficiency symptoms are: wilting, poor fruit and flower set, and increased susceptibility to insects and disease
Si is non-toxic and non-carcinogenic element
In spite of this prominence as a mineral constituent of plants, Si is not counted among the elements defined as "essential"<br>
slide5. Content of Silicon in the Earth’s Crust<br>
slide6. Forms of Silicon in soils readily available for plant assimilation
Concentration in soil solution: 14-20 ppm Si<br>
slide7. Silicon in soils In the wet tropics, soil acidification process, caused by high rainfall and temperature, leads to the loss of compounds such as alumino-silicate clays, so tropical soils have inherently low silicon levels.
The application of Si increases concentrations of monosilicic acids in the soil solution:
P-Si interaction: monosilicic acids are adsorbed on slightly soluble phosphates of Ca, Al, Fe and Mg. There is an exchange of phosphate anion by silicate-anion, and the desorption of P anion increases P content in the soil solution.
Heavy metals: monosilicic acids react with heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Hg and others), causing full precipitation of heavy metals with formation of slightly soluble silicates.<br>
slide8. Silicon content in some crops<br>
slide9. Accumulation of silicon in plants<br>
slide10. Why rice ? 1) rice is a typical silicon accumulator,
2) paddy soils are largely degraded soils which are deficient in available Si,
3) intensive cultivation, specially heavy fertilization with nitrogen, brings often lodging and fungus disease on rice crop.
Nowadays, silicate fertilizers are applied in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hawaii, and more recently, in China.
1.5 to 2.0 ton/ha of Si fertilizer is applied to paddy soils. As a result, a 5 to 15 % increase in rice yield has been reported.<br>
slide11. Why sugarcane ? Sugarcane is a Si accumulator plant which strongly responds to Si supply
Sugarcane takes up as much silicon as N or K
It will grow normally with quite small amounts of silicon, but its ability to absorb very large quantities suggests that Si may be essential to promote good growth and high yield
Under field conditions, it is required for optimal cane yield at least 1% Si, and at 0.25% Si yield drops to about one half
Such drastic yield reductions are associated with typical visible deficiency symptoms (“leaf freckling”) on leaf blades directly exposed to full sunlight
In Australia, experiments have demonstrated large sugarcane yield increases where Si is added to soils with low levels of available Si. Si application resulted in a 38% increase in sugar yield grown on highly weathered sand with very low levels of available Si.<br>
slide12. Silicon trials As a fertilizer
sugar cane and rice; hydroponics cucumbers
As a fungicide
silicon suppresses plant diseases of beans, citrus, cucumbers, grapes, strawberries, soybeans, tomato, and watermelon.
As a pesticide
As a stress alleviator
Si improves resistance to wilt, resistance to water stress (heat and drought), frost and lodging
As an improval of soil properties
Increases soil fertility (P and K), decreases in Al toxicity changes heavy metal mobility, liming effect<br>
slide13. Some field experiments<br>
slide14. Crop diseases suppressed by silicon<br>
slide15. The mechanisms of action of Silicon on plant-resistance Mechanical:
Si contributes to the strength and thickness of cell walls
Si is deposited at the site of infection when fungi attempts to penetrate the leaf
Epidermal cell walls containing Si deposits act as a mechanical barrier to sucking and biting insects.
The intracellular content of silicic acid also acts as an effective sap sucking inhibitor for many insects.
Biochemical:
Si stimulates the production of anti-fungal compounds (phenolics) that halt the infection process<br>
slide16. Schematic representation of the rice leaf epidermal cell<br>
slide17. Effect of Si on frost-tolerance of rice<br>
slide18. Silicon application methods Solid to the soil
Large amounts of Si must be applied to soils to adequately control diseases (usually Si-slags)
Foliar sprays
For diseases and pest control
Fertigation/hydroponics
Addition of soluble silicon to growing solutions (usually K-Si)
Fungicide with silicates as carriers
Rohm & Haas has formulated Nova (Systhane), containing 40% myclobutanil as active ingredient, with 60% silicate as a carrier (Al and K silicates are listed as Inert Ingredients)<br>
slide19. Silicon Fertilizers Agrosil – Amorphous form of silica contents 75 to 80 % Sio2 recommended for soil application.
Potassium silicate - K2SiO3, (24% Si), is available in concentrated solutions from hydroponics suppliers, mainly to add it to a nutrient solution.
Sodium silicate - Na2SiO3.
Magnesium silicate - MgSiO3. It is used in tea plantations as a Mg source
Calcium silicate - CaSiO3 is a naturally occurring, white mineral called Wollastonite.<br>
slide20. Silicon Fertilizers Si-Slags are industrial by-products iron industry, concrete making industry, mainlyis Ca silicate.
Amorphous fine silica - SiO2, with 46.5 % Si.
Pyrophyllite clay is an aluminum silicate in powder form that can be applied as a dust or foliar spray
Greensand is used for soil applications, it contains glauconite, an iron-potassium silicate mined from marine sediments. Used in organic agriculture.
Zeolites, essentially aluminum silicates, mined from volcanic and sedimentary deposits and noted for their absorptive abilities+<br>
slide21. Some examples USA Korea<br>
slide23. Thank You Contact Details – Shivaji Thorat. 9850085811 / 7588029388.<br>
slide2. History Justius von Liebig (1803-1873). Agronomist, chemist from Germany. He first suggested use silicon fertilizer (sodium silicate) in 1840. First greenhouse experiment was conducted on sugar beet.
Prof. J. B. Lawes start first field experiments with silicon fertilizer in 1856 (Rothamsted Station, UK)<br>
slide3. Why Silicon ? Although silicon is not an essential nutrient for most higher plants, it has many direct and indirect positive effects on the growth and metabolism of plants.
Silicon can benefit plant growth through greater yields (rice and cucumber) or sugar content (sugarcane).
Silicon also can be very useful especially when plants are under abiotic or biotic stress.
Silicon may enhance soil fertility, improve soil physical properties, improve disease and pest resistance, increase photosynthesis, regulate evapotranspiration, increase tolerance to toxic elements such as Fe and Mn and reduce frost damage<br>
slide4. Role of silicon in plants Contributes to the strength and thickness of cell walls, helping to keep plants erect and resisting attacks by fungi and insects
Helps the plant survive unfavorable climatic conditions
Produces thicker, whiter, healthier root systems
Alleviates high salinity, toxic levels of Mn and Al and heavy metals, increases Fe and P availability
Deficiency symptoms are: wilting, poor fruit and flower set, and increased susceptibility to insects and disease
Si is non-toxic and non-carcinogenic element
In spite of this prominence as a mineral constituent of plants, Si is not counted among the elements defined as "essential"<br>
slide5. Content of Silicon in the Earth’s Crust<br>
slide6. Forms of Silicon in soils readily available for plant assimilation
Concentration in soil solution: 14-20 ppm Si<br>
slide7. Silicon in soils In the wet tropics, soil acidification process, caused by high rainfall and temperature, leads to the loss of compounds such as alumino-silicate clays, so tropical soils have inherently low silicon levels.
The application of Si increases concentrations of monosilicic acids in the soil solution:
P-Si interaction: monosilicic acids are adsorbed on slightly soluble phosphates of Ca, Al, Fe and Mg. There is an exchange of phosphate anion by silicate-anion, and the desorption of P anion increases P content in the soil solution.
Heavy metals: monosilicic acids react with heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Hg and others), causing full precipitation of heavy metals with formation of slightly soluble silicates.<br>
slide8. Silicon content in some crops<br>
slide9. Accumulation of silicon in plants<br>
slide10. Why rice ? 1) rice is a typical silicon accumulator,
2) paddy soils are largely degraded soils which are deficient in available Si,
3) intensive cultivation, specially heavy fertilization with nitrogen, brings often lodging and fungus disease on rice crop.
Nowadays, silicate fertilizers are applied in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hawaii, and more recently, in China.
1.5 to 2.0 ton/ha of Si fertilizer is applied to paddy soils. As a result, a 5 to 15 % increase in rice yield has been reported.<br>
slide11. Why sugarcane ? Sugarcane is a Si accumulator plant which strongly responds to Si supply
Sugarcane takes up as much silicon as N or K
It will grow normally with quite small amounts of silicon, but its ability to absorb very large quantities suggests that Si may be essential to promote good growth and high yield
Under field conditions, it is required for optimal cane yield at least 1% Si, and at 0.25% Si yield drops to about one half
Such drastic yield reductions are associated with typical visible deficiency symptoms (“leaf freckling”) on leaf blades directly exposed to full sunlight
In Australia, experiments have demonstrated large sugarcane yield increases where Si is added to soils with low levels of available Si. Si application resulted in a 38% increase in sugar yield grown on highly weathered sand with very low levels of available Si.<br>
slide12. Silicon trials As a fertilizer
sugar cane and rice; hydroponics cucumbers
As a fungicide
silicon suppresses plant diseases of beans, citrus, cucumbers, grapes, strawberries, soybeans, tomato, and watermelon.
As a pesticide
As a stress alleviator
Si improves resistance to wilt, resistance to water stress (heat and drought), frost and lodging
As an improval of soil properties
Increases soil fertility (P and K), decreases in Al toxicity changes heavy metal mobility, liming effect<br>
slide13. Some field experiments<br>
slide14. Crop diseases suppressed by silicon<br>
slide15. The mechanisms of action of Silicon on plant-resistance Mechanical:
Si contributes to the strength and thickness of cell walls
Si is deposited at the site of infection when fungi attempts to penetrate the leaf
Epidermal cell walls containing Si deposits act as a mechanical barrier to sucking and biting insects.
The intracellular content of silicic acid also acts as an effective sap sucking inhibitor for many insects.
Biochemical:
Si stimulates the production of anti-fungal compounds (phenolics) that halt the infection process<br>
slide16. Schematic representation of the rice leaf epidermal cell<br>
slide17. Effect of Si on frost-tolerance of rice<br>
slide18. Silicon application methods Solid to the soil
Large amounts of Si must be applied to soils to adequately control diseases (usually Si-slags)
Foliar sprays
For diseases and pest control
Fertigation/hydroponics
Addition of soluble silicon to growing solutions (usually K-Si)
Fungicide with silicates as carriers
Rohm & Haas has formulated Nova (Systhane), containing 40% myclobutanil as active ingredient, with 60% silicate as a carrier (Al and K silicates are listed as Inert Ingredients)<br>
slide19. Silicon Fertilizers Agrosil – Amorphous form of silica contents 75 to 80 % Sio2 recommended for soil application.
Potassium silicate - K2SiO3, (24% Si), is available in concentrated solutions from hydroponics suppliers, mainly to add it to a nutrient solution.
Sodium silicate - Na2SiO3.
Magnesium silicate - MgSiO3. It is used in tea plantations as a Mg source
Calcium silicate - CaSiO3 is a naturally occurring, white mineral called Wollastonite.<br>
slide20. Silicon Fertilizers Si-Slags are industrial by-products iron industry, concrete making industry, mainlyis Ca silicate.
Amorphous fine silica - SiO2, with 46.5 % Si.
Pyrophyllite clay is an aluminum silicate in powder form that can be applied as a dust or foliar spray
Greensand is used for soil applications, it contains glauconite, an iron-potassium silicate mined from marine sediments. Used in organic agriculture.
Zeolites, essentially aluminum silicates, mined from volcanic and sedimentary deposits and noted for their absorptive abilities+<br>
slide21. Some examples USA Korea<br>
slide23. Thank You Contact Details – Shivaji Thorat. 9850085811 / 7588029388.<br>