Ways of the World: A Brief Global History with Sources Third Edition CHAPTER 6 Commonalities and Variations: Africa, the Americas, and Pacific Oceania 500 B.C.E.1200 C.E. Copyright 2016 by BedfordSt. Martins Distributed by BedfordSt.
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I. Continental Comparisons A. Independent Agricultural Revolutions
B. 250 million people, C.E.
C. Differences between civilizations<br>
03
II. Civilizations of Africa A. Meroë: Continuing a Nile Valley Civilization
1. Nubian Civilization
2. Meroë
3. Urban crafts, rural farming
4. Long-distance trade (by Mediterranean or camel caravans)
5. Decline of Meroë after 100 C.E.<br>
04
II. Civilizations of Africa B. Axum: The Making of a Christian Kingdom
1. Axum
2. Coptic Christianity
3. Imperial expansion
4. Paralleled Eurasian developments<br>
05
II. Civilizations of Africa C. Along the Niger River: Cities without States
1. Major urbanization, 300 B.C.E. – 900 C.E.
2. Jenne-jeno
3. Middle Niger cities stimulated by West African commerce<br>
06
III. Civilizations of Mesoamerica A. The Maya: Writing and Warfare
1. Maya ceremonial centers
2. Well-known cultural achievements: mathematical system, calendars, writing system, architecture
3. Maya Economy: Agriculture
4. Fragmented system of city-states and kingdoms
4. Rapid collapse<br>
07
III. Civilizations of Mesoamerica B. Teotihuacán: The Americas’ Greatest City
1. Much remains unknown
3. Deep influence on Mesoamerica
4. Mysterious collapse ca. 650 C.E.
5. “City of the gods”<br>
08
IV. Civilizations of the Andes A. Chavín: A Pan-Andean Religious Movement
1. Ceremonial centers, 2000 – 1000 B.C.E.
2. Chavín de Huántar
3. Widespread imitation across Peru and beyond<br>
09
IV. Civilizations of the Andes B. Moche: A Civilization of the Coast
1. 100 – 800 C.E.
2. Complex irrigation system
3. Ruled by warrior-priests
4. Superb craftsmanship of elite objects
5. Ecological disruption in sixth century C.E.<br>
10
IV. Civilizations of the Andes C. Wari and Tiwanaku: Empires of the Interior
1. 400 – 1000 C.E.
2. Large urban capitals
3. Caravan trade
4. Agricultural differences
5. Little overt conflict or warfare
6. Collapsed after 1000 C.E.; influenced Incas<br>
11
V. Alternatives to Civilization A. Bantu Africa: Cultural Encounters and Social Variation
1. Movement of Bantu-speaking peoples 3000 B.C.E.
2. Bantu agriculturalists in forest regions of equatorial Africa
3. Bantu advantages
4. Survival of gathering and hunting peoples<br>
12
V. Alternatives to Civilization A. Bantu Africa: Cultural Encounters and Social Variation
5. Bantu culture changed
6. Creation of distinct societies 500-1500 C.E.
7. Religion: ancestral or nature spirits<br>
13
V. Alternatives to Civilization B. North America: Ancestral Pueblo and Mound Builders
1. Village-based societies in eastern woodlands
2. The Ancestral Pueblo
3. Permanent villages, pith houses
4. Pueblos: Chaco canyon
5. Great houses abandoned, 1200 C.E.<br>
14
V. Alternatives to Civilization B. North America: Ancestral Pueblo and Mound Builders
6. Mississippi River Valley: Agricultural Revolution
7. Hopewell Culture
8. Cahokia: Between 900 and 1250 C.E.
9. The Natchez: Sixteenth century<br>
15
V. Alternatives to Civilization C. Pacific Oceania: Peoples of the Sea
1. Environmental impact of human settlement
2. Social complexity in Pohnpei and Tonga
3. Pan-Pacific Similarities
4. Religious life
5. Trade networks<br>
