Wear and Tribology of Metal matrix composites for
Description: Wear and Tribology of Metal matrix composites for On-orbit and On-surface Services in Extreme space environments (MOOSE) Kelly Chen Dr. Cheol Park and Dr. Sang-Hyon Chu 2021 Summer Student Research Symposium About Me 2 University of
Related Topics
Download Presentation
"Wear and Tribology of Metal matrix composites for" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this website for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Presentation Transcript
slide1. Wear and Tribology of Metal matrix composites for On-orbit and On-surface Services in Extreme space environments (MOOSE) Kelly Chen
Dr. Cheol Park and Dr. Sang-Hyon Chu 2021 Summer Student Research Symposium<br>
slide2. About Me 2 University of Pennsylvania
Rising senior
Major in Materials Science & Engineering
Minor in Computer Science
Currently working remotely in New Jersey
Involvements: MSE Society, Orchestra, MatSci Makerspace<br>
slide3. Challenge 3 Park, C., Chu, S.-H., Wallace, T. Metal matrix composites for On-orbit and On-surface Services in Extreme Space environment (MOOSE). National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Hampton, VA, United States P. Weiss, et. al., “Advanced materials for future lunar extravehicular activity space suit,” Advanced Materials Technologies, p. 2000028, 2020. The extreme space environment poses a number of challenges for materials:
Radiation
Solar particle events (SPE)
Galactic cosmic radiation (GCR)
Secondary radiation
Vacuum
Extreme temperatures and fluctuations
Lunar surface: -170°C to 120°C
Debris, micrometeoroids
Lunar regolith Fig. 1 Image of lunar surface and lunar crater
Credit: NASA<br>
slide4. Objective The objective of the entire research project is to develop metal matrix composites (MMCs), in both bulk and coating form, that can withstand long-term usage in extreme space environments.
Previous work on this project has examined cryogenic ball milling and plasma spray as methods to produce MMC feedstock and coating for radiation shielding purposes.
The objective of my specific work was to understand the factors and mechanisms that determine wear behavior in metal matrix composites.
The effectiveness of current thermal sprayed MMCs was also studied to improve their wear properties.
Wear behavior of materials plays an important role in the lifetime of equipment, especially for projects that are pushing for better longevity and sustainability. 4 Park, C., Chu, S.-H., Wallace, T. Metal matrix composites for On-orbit and On-surface Services in Extreme Space environment (MOOSE). National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Hampton, VA, United States<br>
slide5. Approach To study literature about wear, tribology, and MMCs to:
Learn how material and environmental factors affect wear behavior
Understand the role of wear test parameters in determining wear performance
Study wear regions and transitions
To understand the performance of thermal sprayed coatings that are in development:
The formation of splats and microstructure in thermal sprayed coatings
The effectiveness of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as a solid lubricant reinforcement in MMCs 5<br>
slide6. Background: Tribology in MMCs MMCs can be reinforced with either hard, load-bearing particles or solid lubricants, which improve wear properties
Common solid lubricants are graphene, MoS2, and h-BN
h-BN is of interest because it is thermally and chemically stable, has radiation shielding properties, and has the potential to reduce wear
Important properties that affect tribology in composites include:
Size and amount of reinforcement
Interaction between reinforcement particles and matrix material
Processing methods
Wear test parameters
Environmental conditions 6 Y. Zhang and R. R. Chromik, “Tribology of Self-Lubricating metal matrix composites,” Self-Lubricating Composites, pp. 33–73, 2018. Fig. 3 SEM image of h-BN nanoplatelets, which are used as solid lubricants
Credit: NASA<br>
slide7. Wear Regions and Transitions Many metals exhibit transitions between mild wear and severe wear, when the wear rate increases significantly
At higher loads and sliding speeds, severe load starts to occur
The addition of reinforcements serves to push back the transition from mild to severe wear by sharing some of the load
However, reinforcements can also fracture, contributing to wear as debris on the surface at particularly high loads
During wear testing, most materials undergo a running-in period, where the wear rate and coefficient of friction fluctuate more, before reaching a steady state stage 7 J. Zhang and A. T. Alpas, “Wear regimes and transitions in Al2O3 particulate-reinforced aluminum alloys,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 161, no. 2, pp. 273–284, 1993.
P. J. Blau, “How common is the steady-state? The implications of wear transitions for materials selection and design,” Wear, vol. 332-333, pp. 1120–1128, 2015. Fig. 4 Sample volume loss with respect to duration/sliding distance. After an initial running-period, the volume loss typically increases linearly with time until severe wear is reached.<br>
slide8. Wear Test Parameters Normal Load
Sliding Speed
Sliding duration/distance
In general, higher load, increased speed, and longer duration can all lead to more severe wear
Wear behavior can vary owing to differences in temperature, humidity, and other factors, making results difficult to repeat
Parameters should be chosen so that they are representative of the conditions will be subject to in applications
Multiple tests with the same parameters should be performed to observe trends in wear 8 E. Omrani, A. D. Moghadam, P. L. Menezes, and P. K. Rohatgi, “Influences of graphite reinforcement on the tribological properties of self-lubricating aluminum matrix composites for green tribology, sustainability, and energy efficiency—a review,” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 83, no. 1-4, pp. 325–346, 2015.
ASTM Standard G99-95a (2000), “Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2000 Wear track Ball/pin Applied normal load Fig. 5 Typical ball-on-disk/pin-on-disk wear test. A normal load is applied onto the ball/pin counterface and the disk of material rotates such that the surfaces slide relative to each other.<br>
slide9. h-BN Performance in MMCs Plasma sprayed h-BN/MMC coatings have been found to improve wear properties, though results are often dependent on h-BN content
Coefficient of friction tends to decrease with higher h-BN content, though conflicting results have been seen
Wear rate has been shown to decrease up to a critical h-BN fraction, then increases sharply
A balance needs to be found between the lubricating effects of h-BN and the reduction in hardness
Plasma sprayed coatings have been found to result in some porosity because of the nature of how the splats deposit, and this influences the overall coating microstructure
The preservation of h-BN after spraying must also be addressed
One method is preparing the feedstock such that the h-BN is protected (e.g. through cladding or spray drying)
Another potential method is tuning the plasma spray parameters such as spray distance, primary and secondary gas pressure, and voltage 9 L. Du, “Preparation and characterization of plasma sprayed Ni3Al–hBN composite coating,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 205, no. 7, pp. 2419–2424, 2010.
S. Deshpande, S. Sampath, and H. Zhang, “Mechanisms of oxidation and its role in microstructural evolution of metallic thermal spray coatings—Case study for Ni–Al,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 200, no. 18-19, pp. 5395–5406, 2006.<br>
slide10. h-BN Performance in MMCs A sample of ball-milled h-BN/Al that was spark plasma sintered was found to result in both higher hardness and higher tensile strength in two aluminum alloys
The addition of h-BN during ball-milling prevented the metal particles from agglomerating, thus resulting in smaller grains in the final composite
The sintering process also resulted in the formation of various oxides, intermetallic compounds, and other inclusions, all of which combined to enhance the mechanical properties of the composites
The samples created in this study show promise for h-BN MMCs to display superior mechanical and wear properties, because of their dense nature and low porosity 10 S. Corthay, K. L. Firestein, D. G. Kvashnin, M. K. Kutzhanov, A. T. Matveev, A. M. Kovalskii, D. V. Leybo, D. V. Golberg, and D. V. Shtansky, “Elevated-temperature high-strength H-bn-doped al2014 And AL7075 composites: Experimental and theoretical insights,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 809, p. 140969, 2021.<br>
slide11. Summary When performing wear testing, test conditions should be chosen to avoid transitions
Tests with chosen parameters should be performed multiple times, because tribology is dependent on so many factors
Repeated results are important in order to show reliable trends
h-BN has potential as a reinforcement in self-lubricating composites because of its lamellar structure, but there are some barriers to overcome
Porosity of plasma sprayed coatings leads to lower hardness and worse wear resistance
Microstructure and the interaction between h-BN and the matrix material also contribute to the mechanical and wear performance
Processing temperatures and conditions can cause h-BN content to decrease significantly after spraying, so that no lubricant remains in the final product 11<br>
slide12. Future Work Reducing porosity in coatings/creating denser coatings
Testing plasma spray parameters
Investigating and testing post-processing treatments
Finding suitable parameters to preserve h-BN after spraying
Altering the power and/or feedstock of plasma spray
Studying the performance of cold sprayed coatings
Investigating the role of oxides and other inclusions formed during processing in wear behavior and mechanical properties
In previous studies, they have been found to enhance hardness and strength, but further research could be used to understand their effect on wear 12<br>
slide13. Acknowledgements Research Group
Calista Lum
Julia Wood
Intern Program Coordinators
Patricia Sanchez
Jalisa Thomas
Jessica Gangitano 13<br>
Dr. Cheol Park and Dr. Sang-Hyon Chu 2021 Summer Student Research Symposium<br>
slide2. About Me 2 University of Pennsylvania
Rising senior
Major in Materials Science & Engineering
Minor in Computer Science
Currently working remotely in New Jersey
Involvements: MSE Society, Orchestra, MatSci Makerspace<br>
slide3. Challenge 3 Park, C., Chu, S.-H., Wallace, T. Metal matrix composites for On-orbit and On-surface Services in Extreme Space environment (MOOSE). National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Hampton, VA, United States P. Weiss, et. al., “Advanced materials for future lunar extravehicular activity space suit,” Advanced Materials Technologies, p. 2000028, 2020. The extreme space environment poses a number of challenges for materials:
Radiation
Solar particle events (SPE)
Galactic cosmic radiation (GCR)
Secondary radiation
Vacuum
Extreme temperatures and fluctuations
Lunar surface: -170°C to 120°C
Debris, micrometeoroids
Lunar regolith Fig. 1 Image of lunar surface and lunar crater
Credit: NASA<br>
slide4. Objective The objective of the entire research project is to develop metal matrix composites (MMCs), in both bulk and coating form, that can withstand long-term usage in extreme space environments.
Previous work on this project has examined cryogenic ball milling and plasma spray as methods to produce MMC feedstock and coating for radiation shielding purposes.
The objective of my specific work was to understand the factors and mechanisms that determine wear behavior in metal matrix composites.
The effectiveness of current thermal sprayed MMCs was also studied to improve their wear properties.
Wear behavior of materials plays an important role in the lifetime of equipment, especially for projects that are pushing for better longevity and sustainability. 4 Park, C., Chu, S.-H., Wallace, T. Metal matrix composites for On-orbit and On-surface Services in Extreme Space environment (MOOSE). National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Hampton, VA, United States<br>
slide5. Approach To study literature about wear, tribology, and MMCs to:
Learn how material and environmental factors affect wear behavior
Understand the role of wear test parameters in determining wear performance
Study wear regions and transitions
To understand the performance of thermal sprayed coatings that are in development:
The formation of splats and microstructure in thermal sprayed coatings
The effectiveness of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as a solid lubricant reinforcement in MMCs 5<br>
slide6. Background: Tribology in MMCs MMCs can be reinforced with either hard, load-bearing particles or solid lubricants, which improve wear properties
Common solid lubricants are graphene, MoS2, and h-BN
h-BN is of interest because it is thermally and chemically stable, has radiation shielding properties, and has the potential to reduce wear
Important properties that affect tribology in composites include:
Size and amount of reinforcement
Interaction between reinforcement particles and matrix material
Processing methods
Wear test parameters
Environmental conditions 6 Y. Zhang and R. R. Chromik, “Tribology of Self-Lubricating metal matrix composites,” Self-Lubricating Composites, pp. 33–73, 2018. Fig. 3 SEM image of h-BN nanoplatelets, which are used as solid lubricants
Credit: NASA<br>
slide7. Wear Regions and Transitions Many metals exhibit transitions between mild wear and severe wear, when the wear rate increases significantly
At higher loads and sliding speeds, severe load starts to occur
The addition of reinforcements serves to push back the transition from mild to severe wear by sharing some of the load
However, reinforcements can also fracture, contributing to wear as debris on the surface at particularly high loads
During wear testing, most materials undergo a running-in period, where the wear rate and coefficient of friction fluctuate more, before reaching a steady state stage 7 J. Zhang and A. T. Alpas, “Wear regimes and transitions in Al2O3 particulate-reinforced aluminum alloys,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 161, no. 2, pp. 273–284, 1993.
P. J. Blau, “How common is the steady-state? The implications of wear transitions for materials selection and design,” Wear, vol. 332-333, pp. 1120–1128, 2015. Fig. 4 Sample volume loss with respect to duration/sliding distance. After an initial running-period, the volume loss typically increases linearly with time until severe wear is reached.<br>
slide8. Wear Test Parameters Normal Load
Sliding Speed
Sliding duration/distance
In general, higher load, increased speed, and longer duration can all lead to more severe wear
Wear behavior can vary owing to differences in temperature, humidity, and other factors, making results difficult to repeat
Parameters should be chosen so that they are representative of the conditions will be subject to in applications
Multiple tests with the same parameters should be performed to observe trends in wear 8 E. Omrani, A. D. Moghadam, P. L. Menezes, and P. K. Rohatgi, “Influences of graphite reinforcement on the tribological properties of self-lubricating aluminum matrix composites for green tribology, sustainability, and energy efficiency—a review,” The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, vol. 83, no. 1-4, pp. 325–346, 2015.
ASTM Standard G99-95a (2000), “Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2000 Wear track Ball/pin Applied normal load Fig. 5 Typical ball-on-disk/pin-on-disk wear test. A normal load is applied onto the ball/pin counterface and the disk of material rotates such that the surfaces slide relative to each other.<br>
slide9. h-BN Performance in MMCs Plasma sprayed h-BN/MMC coatings have been found to improve wear properties, though results are often dependent on h-BN content
Coefficient of friction tends to decrease with higher h-BN content, though conflicting results have been seen
Wear rate has been shown to decrease up to a critical h-BN fraction, then increases sharply
A balance needs to be found between the lubricating effects of h-BN and the reduction in hardness
Plasma sprayed coatings have been found to result in some porosity because of the nature of how the splats deposit, and this influences the overall coating microstructure
The preservation of h-BN after spraying must also be addressed
One method is preparing the feedstock such that the h-BN is protected (e.g. through cladding or spray drying)
Another potential method is tuning the plasma spray parameters such as spray distance, primary and secondary gas pressure, and voltage 9 L. Du, “Preparation and characterization of plasma sprayed Ni3Al–hBN composite coating,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 205, no. 7, pp. 2419–2424, 2010.
S. Deshpande, S. Sampath, and H. Zhang, “Mechanisms of oxidation and its role in microstructural evolution of metallic thermal spray coatings—Case study for Ni–Al,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 200, no. 18-19, pp. 5395–5406, 2006.<br>
slide10. h-BN Performance in MMCs A sample of ball-milled h-BN/Al that was spark plasma sintered was found to result in both higher hardness and higher tensile strength in two aluminum alloys
The addition of h-BN during ball-milling prevented the metal particles from agglomerating, thus resulting in smaller grains in the final composite
The sintering process also resulted in the formation of various oxides, intermetallic compounds, and other inclusions, all of which combined to enhance the mechanical properties of the composites
The samples created in this study show promise for h-BN MMCs to display superior mechanical and wear properties, because of their dense nature and low porosity 10 S. Corthay, K. L. Firestein, D. G. Kvashnin, M. K. Kutzhanov, A. T. Matveev, A. M. Kovalskii, D. V. Leybo, D. V. Golberg, and D. V. Shtansky, “Elevated-temperature high-strength H-bn-doped al2014 And AL7075 composites: Experimental and theoretical insights,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 809, p. 140969, 2021.<br>
slide11. Summary When performing wear testing, test conditions should be chosen to avoid transitions
Tests with chosen parameters should be performed multiple times, because tribology is dependent on so many factors
Repeated results are important in order to show reliable trends
h-BN has potential as a reinforcement in self-lubricating composites because of its lamellar structure, but there are some barriers to overcome
Porosity of plasma sprayed coatings leads to lower hardness and worse wear resistance
Microstructure and the interaction between h-BN and the matrix material also contribute to the mechanical and wear performance
Processing temperatures and conditions can cause h-BN content to decrease significantly after spraying, so that no lubricant remains in the final product 11<br>
slide12. Future Work Reducing porosity in coatings/creating denser coatings
Testing plasma spray parameters
Investigating and testing post-processing treatments
Finding suitable parameters to preserve h-BN after spraying
Altering the power and/or feedstock of plasma spray
Studying the performance of cold sprayed coatings
Investigating the role of oxides and other inclusions formed during processing in wear behavior and mechanical properties
In previous studies, they have been found to enhance hardness and strength, but further research could be used to understand their effect on wear 12<br>
slide13. Acknowledgements Research Group
Calista Lum
Julia Wood
Intern Program Coordinators
Patricia Sanchez
Jalisa Thomas
Jessica Gangitano 13<br>