Agenda Index Card Question - PowerPoint Presentation

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Agenda

Index Card QuestionHW ReviewTranslation NotesStick People LabCodon BingoMutations NotesQuizIzzHomework: Transcription & Translation Worksheet

I can…

Describe the process of translation

Explain the steps of the central dogma of biology

Translate codons to Amino Acids

Discuss the various types of mutations and their effects 

Translation and Proteins

Protein ReviewWhat are the monomers of proteins?

How many different Amino Acids are there?What are the three parts of an Amino Acid?

Amino Acid

20

Amine Group

Carboxyl Group

R Group

TranslationmRNA is translated into a protein

(polypeptide), or a string of amino acids held together by peptide bondsPurpose: to make proteinsLocation: Cytoplasm

CodonAny three consecutive nucleotides on mRNACODES for an

amino acid. AUG= Start/MethionineUAA, UGA or UAG= StopAnticodon: complementary codon on tRNA

Translation - Initiation

Image 1 of 4

Draw This image

Box #1

The ribosome binds to the mRNA cap and moves down the mRNA until the start codon (AUG) reaches the ribosome’s P site

Next the first

tRNA

(with the anti-codon UAC) will bind to the ribosome

A new tRNA molecule attaches to the ribosome in the A site

. This tRNA will pair with the next codon of mRNA.The ribosome will form a peptide bond between the amino acids attached to the first two tRNAs. Translation - Elongation

Image 2 of 4

Met= methionine

Peptide bond

met

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Box #2

Once the bond is formed the ribosome will move over causing the tRNA to enter the ribosome’s E side and exit the ribosome.

Translation - ElongationImage 3 of 4

To be recharged

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Box #3

Protein Synthesis

The ribosome will continue to move down the mRNA, adding amino acids to the growing string of amino acids until it reaches the stop

codon.No tRNA bonds to the ribosome and translation is over! The complex will come apart.

Translation - Termination

Image 4 of 4

AGC

Draw this image Box 4

The ribosome will continue to move down the mRNA, adding amino acids to the growing string of amino acids until it reaches the stop

codon.No

tRNA bonds to the ribosome and translation is over! The complex will come apart.Translation - Termination

Image 4 of 4

AGC

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Box #4

Large Ribosomal Subunit (

rRNA

)

E Site

A Site

P Site

Small Ribosomal Subunit (

rRNA

)

tRNA

U A C

Translation Mechanism

MET

tRNA

U A U

A

U

G

A

C

C

A

U

A

G

C

A

U

G

A

A

U

G

A

U

C

A

U

G

U

ISO

MET

A

U

G

A

C

C

A

U

A

G

C

A

A

U

G

A

U

G

A

U

C

A

U

G

U

tRNA

U A U

tRNA

U A C

tRNA

G

G

G

PRO

mRNA

This process continues until a stop codon is reached, at which point the mRNA strand,

tRNA

units, and

rRNA

subunits are all released.

Start Codon (Methionine)

Agenda

Index Card QuestionHW ReviewTranslation NotesStick People LabCodon BingoMutations NotesQuizIzz

I can…

Describe the process of translation

Explain the steps of the central dogma of biology

Translate codons to Amino Acids

Discuss the various types of mutations and their effects 

MutationsMutations can happen in two locations:Sex cells

: affect the offspringBody cells: affect the individual onlyMutations can have one of three affects:Those that cause a disease Those that are beneficialSilent mutations

: do not cause disease – most commonMutations can be one of two types:Point mutations: affecting single nucleotideChromosomal mutations

: affect section of or whole chromosome

Causes of MutationsMistakes in base paring

during DNA ReplicationDNA Polymerase can usually detect such errorsWhen missed, may cause many genetic disordersChemicals: like tobaccoCan lead to cancer because it changes the genes that regulate mitosis

Radiation: including UV (sun) and X-ray

Can lead to cancer because it changes the genes that regulate mitosis

Point Mutations1. SubstitutionOne nitrogen base

is substituted for anotherSickle Cell Anemia: substitute A for T

Point Mutations2. Deletions and insertions

When a nitrogen base is deleted or addedCauses a Frame shift mutations- because it moves the codon up or downChanges the sequence of amino acids

Mutation Expression

Silent: no change in original sequence of proteins. May occur from change in base that does not change codon, or to a codon that codes for the same Amino Acid

Missense: change in one DNA base pair that results in the substitution of one amino acid for another

Nonsense: change in on DNA base pair that results in premature stop codon

Rather than coding for an Amino Acid, the stop codon ends the production of the polypeptide chainResults in a shortened protein that may function improperly or not at all.Most severe outcome.