Cellular organism Introduction - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Cellular organism

Introduction

Cell

Protoplasm

Water

Electrolyte

Protein

Liquid

CHO

Slide2

water

70-90% of cell mass

Cellular chemical are dissolved in the water

Suspended particles in the water.

Reactions take place in the water

Slide3

electrolytes

K, Mg,

Ph

, S, bicarbonate, --small amount Na,

Cl

,

Ca

Inorganic chemicals for cellular reactions

Necessary for cellular control mechanism

Transmission of electrochemical reactions in the nerves and muscles.

Intracellular, enzymatic reactions for cellular metabolism.

Acid base balance.

Slide4

proteins

10-20% of cell mass.

Structural protein and globular protein.

Contractile mechanisms of all muscles intracellularly.

Cytoskeleton- cilia, nerve axon, mitotic spindle, tendons, ligaments.

Slide5

Globular protein

Enzymes

Soluble in cell fluid or

adhernt

from inside the cell.

Slide6

lipids

Soluble in fat solvents

Phospholipids

Cholestrol

Cell membrane barrier

Triglyceride—neutral fat, fat cells

Slide7

carbohydrate

Glycoproteins

Nutrition of the cells

Glycogen intracellularly, glucose

extracellularly

Slide8

Cell organelles

Cell membrane

Nuclear membrane

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondria

Lysosomes

centriole

Slide9

Cell membrane

7.5-10 nanometer

Lipid bilayer penetrated by large protein particles.

Water soluble substances—ions, glucose,

uria

Fat soluble substances—O2, CO2, alcohol

Cholestrol

—control permeability and fluidity to the water soluble substances.

Integral protein –pores to transport sub in active way

Glycocalyx

Slide10

CHO

-

ve

charge

Glycocalyx

Receptors to the binding proteins as insulin

Immune reaction

Slide11

cytoplasm

Cytosole

Ectoplasm

Endoplasm

Fat globules, glycogen, ribosomes, secretory vesicles and five organelles

ER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes

, peroxisome.

Slide12

Endoplasmic reticulum

Tubular & Flat vesicular structure ,surface area 30-40 time the cell membrane.

Ribosome rough and smooth ER.(protein and lipid).

Slide13

Golgi Apparatus

Four or more of stoked layers =

Agranular

ER

Sub from ER to Golgi apparatus to form lysosome.

Slide14

lysosome

Intracellular digestive system

Contain 40 hydrolase enzymes-digest protein, lipid, CHO.

Slide15

peroxisome

Formed by smoothed ER

Contain oxidase and catalase enzymes.

Oxidation of alcohol by liver peroxisome.

Secretary vesicles: formed from ER –Golgi apparatus.

Slide16

mitochondria

Power house

Consist of two lipid bilayer , contain oxidative enzymes.

ATP

Self

ruplication

Slide17

Filament and tubular structure

Tubular

protein- filaments.

Slide18

nucleus

Chromosomes- chromatin- genes- mitosis

Nuclear membrane

Nucleoli- RNA& protein.

Slide19

Functional system of the cell

Endocytosis

Diffusion & active transport

Diffusion through pores or lipid matrix

Active transport through protein matrix

Slide20

endocytosis

Pinocytosis

Extremely small vesicles

Coated pit- invagination- actin &myosin- smaller mouth- separation

Need ATP and

Ca

that reacts with actin and myosin.

Slide21

phagocytosis

Involves large particles.

Macrophages and WBC

proteins or large polysaccharide or dead

cells ,bacteria

or other tissue

debris.

Lysosomes open and secrete hydrolytic enzymes.

Residual body-exocytosis

Slide22

Regression of tissues and autolysis of the cells.

Lysosomes-regression

Autolysis: damage of the cells cause release

of

lysosomal

hydrolytic enzyme.

Slide23

.

Slide24

Function of the ATP

Membrane transport-Na motion.

Synthesis of chemical compound.

Mechanical work.

Slide25

Body fluid

60% of adult human body is fluid.

2\3 is intracellular and 1\3 is extracellular, other is called interstitial

Homeostatic mechanism

GIT= constant nutrients, lung= constant O2 & CO2, kidney= constant ions

Origin of nutrients in extracellular fluid and homeostasis

Respiratory system

GIT

Liver

Musculoskeletal

Removal of metabolic end products

Lung &kidneys

Slide26

Regulation of body function

--Nervous system

by

sensory input portion

(

eye,smile

, skin)= desire to eat

motor output

portion= movement to eat

and

autonomic

system(glandular, heart, GIT).

--Hormonal( insulin, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenocortical system)

--Reproduction

Slide27

control system of the body

O2 = diffusion

CO2= tachypnea

Normal ion levels in the serum beyond which the action of the organs will be disrupted.

Negative feedback mechanism

Positive feedback mechanism(vicious cycle)

Feed foreword control mechanism may lead to adaptive control mechanism(delay negative feed back mechanism).

Slide28

Body fluid compartment

Daily intake of water 2100 ml

Oxidative process add 200 ml

Total=2300 ml

Slide29

Body fluid compartments

Slide30

.

Slide31

.

Water average is about 60% of the body

weight

equal to 42 liters in normal 70 kg adult

human

Fat # water

Intracellular fluid constitute about 40 % of the total body weight

.

concentration of intracellular constituents of the cells is equal in all cells even of different animals.

Extracellular fluid compartments constitute about 20 % of the body weight.

Interstitial fluid constitutes about 3\4 of the extracellular compartment.

Plasma constitutes about 1\4 of the extracellular compartment.

Slide32

.

Blood volume contains intracellular and extracellular fluid (regarding RBCs), with average bout 8% of body weight or about 5 liters ,

60%plasma

and 40% RBCs

.

Hematocrit

in man it is 40%

0.40

in women ,

36%36.0

anemia

as low as 0.10 which is the minimum to sustained life

increase up to 0.65

or more in patient with

polycythemia

Protein is extracellular compartment

(-

ve

charge and large particles)

Slide33

Donnan

effect

The concentration of positively charged ions (

cations

) is slightly greater about (2%)in the plasma than the interstitial fluid ,this effect the following :

1.Extra

amount of

cations

(+

ve

) as Na and K hold together with the (-

ve

) proteins in the plasma.

2.the

(-

ve

) proteins repel the anions (-

ve

)in the plasma to the interstitial fluid that has a high concentrations of anions.

Slide34

Measurements of body compartments

Indicator

dilution

principle

Indicator mass A=volume A *concentration A

(B) (B) (B)

… Measurement of total body water=

Radioactive water 3H2O (tritium) or heavy water (

deuterium

)

…

Measurement of extracellular fluid

volume

=

We use radioactive

Na, radioactive

Cl

…

…Intracellular

volume =total body water –extracellular volume

…measurement

of plasma

volume=

serum albumin labeled with radioactive iodine (Iodin125-albumin) or as Evans- blue dye (T1824

)

…Interstitial

fluid volume=extracellular fluid volume-plasma

volume

…measurement

of blood

volume

Slide35

measurement of blood volume

a. Total blood volume=plasma volume\1—hematocrit

b. by injection of RBC labeled with radioactive chromium (Cr51)