Page 1 of 100 Objectives To know about the organizational setup of the centre To know about the physical set up of the deaddiction centre To know about the background of the centre ID: 931490
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Slide1
Miscellaneous
Drugs used in deaddiction
Page
1
of 100
Slide2Objectives
To know about the organizational setup of the centre.
To know about the physical set up of the de-addiction centre.
To know about the background of the centre.
To know about various facilities provided by the De-addiction centre. To know about records and reports maintained. To gain knowledge regarding the treatment measures for patients with drug addiction
Page
2
of 100
Slide3INTRODUCTION
Disorders due to psychoactive substance use refer to conditions arising from the abuse of alcohol, psychoactive drugs and other chemicals such as volatile agents
Substance abuse has also been referred to as any use of substances that poses significant hazards to health.
Page
3 of 100
Slide4SUBSTANCE: The term substance is used in reference to any drug, medication or toxin that shares the potential for abuse.
ADDICTION: Addiction is a psychological and physiological dependence on alcohol or other drugs of abuse that effects the central nervous system in such a way that withdrawal symptoms are experienced when the substance is discontinued.
Definition
Page
4 of 100
Slide5Classification
F10-F19 Mental and behaviours disorders due to psychoactive substance use
Mental behaviours disorders due to use of alcohol
Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of opioids
Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of cannabinoids Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of sedatives or hypnotics Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of cocaine
Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of hallucinogen
Page
5
of 100
Slide6Commonly used psychotropic substance
• Alcohol • Opioids
• Cannabis
• Cocaine
• Amphetamines and other sympathomimetics• Hallucinogens for example, phencyclidine • Sedatives and hypnotics, for example, barbiturates • Inhalants, for example, volatile solvents • Nicotine Page
6
of 100
Slide7Etiological factors in psychoactive substance use
1. Biological factors: • Genetic vulnerability
• Biochemical factors
• Neurobiological theories
• Withdrawal • Comorbid medical disorder2. Behavioural theories • Behavioural scientists view drug abuse as the result of conditioning, or cumulative reinforcement from drug abuse. • Drug use causes euphoric experience perceived as rewarding, thereby motivating user to keep taking the drug (which then serves as a biological reward). Stimuli and settings associated with drug use may themselves become reinforcing or may trigger drug carving that can lead to relapse (many recovering addicts change their environment cues that that could promote drug use).
Page
7
of 100
Slide8Etiological factors in psychoactive substance use
3. Psychological factors: • General rebelliousness
• Sense of inferiority
• Poor impulse control all
• Low self esteem • Inability to cope with the pressure of living and society (poor stress management skills) • Loneliness, unmet needs • Desire to escape from reality • Desire to experiment, a sense of adventure • Pleasure seeking
Page
8
of 100
Slide9Etiological factors in psychoactive substance use
4. Social factors: • Religious reasons
• Peer pressure
• Urbanization
• Extended periods of education • Unemployment • Overcrowding • Poor social support • Effects of television and other mass media • Occupation: Substance use is more common in chefs, barmen, executives, salesmen, actors, entertainers, army personnel, journalists, medical personnel etc.
Page
9
of 100
Slide10Etiological factors in psychoactive substance use
5. Easy availabil
i
ty of d
rugsTakin
g drugs prescribed by doctors (for example,
benzod
iazepine dependence)
Takin
g drugs that can be bought legally without prescription (for example, nicotine, opioids)
Tak
i
ng
d
r
u
gs
that
can
be
obta
i
n
ed from illicit sources (for example, street drugs)6. Psychiatric disorders Substance use disorders are more common in depression Anxiety disorders (particularly social phobias) Personality disorders (antisocial personality) Occasionally in organic brain disease
Page
10
of 100
Slide11Consequences
o
f
su
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
a
b
u
s
e
physical dependence, psychological dependence
Unhealthy lifestyles and behaviours such as poor diet
Impairs social and occupational functioning, creating
personal,
professional,financial,and legal problems
Page
11
of 100
Slide12In early adolescence may lead to emotional and
behavioural problems
In pregnant women, substance abuse jeopardizes foetal well-being
Psychoactive substances produce negative outcomes
including maladaptive behaviour, 'bad trips', and even long
term psychosis
Illicit street drugs pose added dangers; materials used to dilute them can cause toxic or allergic reactions
Consequences
o
f
s
u
b
s
t
a
n
c
e
a
b
u
s
e
Page
12 of 100
Slide13Dynamics of substance
related disorders
Alcohol dependence syndrome: It refers to the use of alcoholic beverages to the point of causing damage to the individual, society or both. Signs and symptoms of alcohol dependence:
Minor complaints: Malaise, dyspepsia, mood swings or depression, increased incidence of infection.
Poor personal hygiene, untreated injuries (cigarette burns, fractures that cannot be explained)
Page
13
of 100
Slide14Dynamics of substance
related disorders
• Unusually high tolerance for sedatives and opioids
• Nutritional deficiency
• Consumption of alcohol containing products (mouthwash, aftershave lotion, lighter fluid etc.) • Denial of problem • Tendency to blame others and rationalize problem Page 14
of 100
Slide15De-Addiction
• Drug rehabilitation is a term for the processes of medical or psychotherapeutic treatment, for dependency on psychoactive substances such as alcohol, prescription drugs, and street drugs such as cocaine.
• The general intent is to enable the patient to cease substance abuse, in order to avoid the psychological, legal, financial, social, and physical consequences that can be caused, especially by extreme abuse.
Page
15 of 100
Slide161.Primary prevention: • Reduction of over prescribing by doctors • Identification and treatment of family members who may be contributing to the drug abuse.
• Introduction of social changes is likely to affect drinking patterns in the population as a whole. This is made possible by:
Putting up the price of alcohol and alcoholic beverages.
Controlling or abolishing the advertising of alcoholic drinks.
Controls on sales Sales restricting availability Control • Strengthen the individual's personal and social skills to increase self-esteem and resistance to peer pressure.
• Health education to college students and the youth
Prevention of substance use disorder
Page
16
of 100
Slide173. Secondary prevention: • Early detection and counseling • Brief intervention in primary care
• Motivational interviewing • A full assessment including an appraisal of current medical, psychological and social problems. • Detoxification with benzodiazepines (diazepam).
3. Tertiary prevention:
• Alcohol deterrent therapy (Disulfiram)
• Other therapies include assertiveness training, teaching copying skills, behaviour counseling, supportive psychotherapy • Agencies concerned with alcohol- related problems Prevention of
substance use disorder
Page
17
of 100
Slide18Prevention of
substance use disorder
Some practical issues under relapse prevention include:
• Motivation enhancement
• Identifying high-risks situations and developing strategies to deal with them • Drink refusal skills (assertiveness training) • Dealing with faulty cognitions • Handling negative mood states • Time statement • Anger control' • Financial management
• Developing the work habit
• Stress management
• Recreation and spirituality
• Family counseling, to reduce interpersonal conflicts, which may otherwise trigger relapse.
Page
18
of 100
Slide19TREATMENT
• Treatment includes medication for depression or other disorders, counseling by experts and sharing of experience with other addicts.
• Some rehab centres include meditation and spiritual wisdom in the treatment process.
TYPES OF TREATMENT
Various types of programs offer help in drug rehabilitation
Some rehab centers offer age- and gender-specific programs.
The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) recommends detoxification followed by both medication and behavioural therapy, followed by relapse prevention.
Page
19
of 100
Slide20Drugs used in CPR & emergency
Page 20
of 100
Slide21Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
(
CPR
)
is a lifesaving technique useful in many emergencies
,
including heart attack or near drowning, in which someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped
.
Page
21
of 100
Slide22Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation is a technique of basic life support for oxygenating the brain and heart until appropriate,
definitive medical
treatment
can restore normal heart and ventilator
action.
Page
22
of 100
Slide23To maintain an open and
clear
airway
(A).
To maintain breathing by
external
ventilation
(B).
To maintain Blood circulation by external cardiac massages
(C).
To save
life
of the Patient
.
To provide basic life support till medical and advanced life support arrives.
Page
23
of 100
Slide24Cardiac
Ar
r
est
Ventricular
f
i
brillation
(
V
F
)
Ventricu
l
ar
t
a
chycardia
(V
T
)
AsystolePulse less electrical activityPage 24 of 100
Slide25R
esp
i
ratory
Arresst
T
h
i
s
may
be
res
u
l
t
of
fol
l
ow
i
n
g:
Drow
n
ingStrokeForeign body in throatSmoke inhalationDrug
over
d
ose
S
u
f
foc
a
t
i
on
A
cci
d
e
n
t,
i
n
j
u
ry
·
Coma
E
p
i
g
l
ott
i
s
p
a
r
a
l
ysis
.
Page
25
of 100
Slide26To restore effective circulation and ventilation.
To prevent irreversible cerebral damage due to anoxia. When the heart fails to maintain the cerebral circulation for approximately four minutes the brain may suffer irreversible damage.
Page
26
of 100
Slide27C
P
R
procedu
re
Sequences Of Procedures Performed To Restore The Circulation Of Oxygenated Blood After A Sudden Pulmonary And/or Cardiac Arrest
Chest Compressions And Pulmonary Y Ventilation Performed By
Anyone
H
o Knows How To Do
It
,
Anywhere
,
Immediately
,
Without
Any Other
Equipment
Page
27
of 100
Slide28Place
the heel of one hand in the centre of the chest
Place other hand on top
Interlock
fingers
Compress the chest
Rate 100 min
·
1
Depth 4-5 cm (1.5 to 2 inch)
Equal compression : relaxation
When possible change CPR operator every 2 min
CHEST COMPRESSIONS
Page
28
of 100
Slide29Pinch the nose
Take a normal breath
Place lips over mouth
Blow
until the
chest rises
Take about 1second
Allow
chest to fall
-
Repeat
Page
29
of 100
Slide30R
E
C
O
MME
N
DA
T
I
O
N
S:
T
i
dal
vo
l
u
m
e
500
-
600 ml
Respiratory
rate
gi
ve each breaths over about
1s w it Enough volume to make the victim's chest riseChest-compression-onlycontinuously at a rate of 100 minPage 30 of 100
Slide31Coro
n
ary
vessel
i
nj
u
ry
D
i
a
p
hra
g
m
i
n
j
u
ry
H
e
mo
p
e
ricardiumHemothoraxInterference with ventilat
i
on
Page
31
of 100
Slide32Coro
n
ary
vess
e
l
i
nj
u
ry
D
i
a
p
hra
g
m
i
n
j
u
ry
H
e
mo
pericardiumHemothoraxInte
rf
e
r
e
n
ce
w
i
th
v
e
n
t
i
l
at
i
on
L
i
v
e
r
i
n
j
u
ry
M
y
oc
a
r
d
i
al
i
n
j
u
ry
P
n
e
u
m
ot
h
o
r
ax
R
i
b
f
rac
t
ures
S
p
l
e
e
n injurySternalfracture
Page
32
of 100
Slide33M
E
D
I
CA
L
MA
N
A
G
E
M
E
N
T
Adrenaline
Adrenaline
(
epinephrine)
is the main drug used during resuscitation from
cardiac
arrest.
Atropine
Atropine
as a single
dose
of 3mg is sufficient
to block vagaltone completely and should be used once in cases of a systole. It is also indicated for symptomatic bradycardia in a dose of 0.5mg - 1mg.AmiodaroneIt is an antiarrhythmic drug.Page 33 of 100
Slide34NURSIN
G MANAGEME
N
T
Maintains airway patency with use of airway adjuncts as required (suction,
high f low oxygen with 02 or bag valve mask
ventilation).
Assist with intubation and securing of ETT
Inserts gastric tube and
/
or facilitates gastric decompression post intubation as required.
Assists with ongoing management of airway patency and adequate ventilation
Page
34
of 100
Slide35Supports less experienced staff by coaching
/guidance e.g
. drug
preparation
If a shock able rhythm is present (VF
/
VT) ensure manual defibrillator pads are applied and connected.
If CPR is in progress
, prepare
and
independently double check and label 3 doses of adrenaline
Prepare and administer IV
fluids
Document medications
administered
(including time)
Page
35
of 100
Slide36l
m
m
u
nosuppressi
on
Immunosuppressant
involves
an act that
reduces the
activation or efficacy
of the immune
sys
t
em
.
Some
port ions
of
the immun
e syste
m
itself
have
immune
-s
uppre
ssive effects on other parts of the immune system , and immunosuppressant may occuras an adverse reaction to treatment of
other
cond
iti
ons
.
I
MMUNOSUPPR
ESSAN
T
S
Page
36
of 100
Slide37lmmu
n
osuppr
e
ssa nt
An
immunosuppressant is any
agent that
causes
immunosuppressant,
including
immunosuppressive
drugs
and
some environmental
toxins.
One of
the
primary uses of
immunosuppressant
drugs
is
to
lower
the body's ability
to reject
a
transplanted organ, such as a liver, heart or kidney.Page 37 of 100
Slide38The
se dr
ugs can be classified into 4 categories.
Selective inhibitors
of cytokine production and function
Immunosuppressive antimetabolites
Antibodies
Adrenocorticois
Classification
Page
38
of 100
Slide39Cy
cl
o
s
porineE
v
er
o
l
i
m
u
s
S
i
r
o
l
i
mus
•
T
acrolimus
Selective inhibitor of cytokine p
ro
d
uct
ion and functionPage 39 of 100
Slide40Cytokines are
soluble, Antigen Non
s
pecific
, signaling proteins
that bind
to
cell
s
urface
receptor
s
on
a variety
of
cells.
The
term
cytokines includes
the
molecule
s
known
as
interleukins
(
ILs
),
interferons (IFNs), tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), transforming growth factors and colony stimulating factors.Page 40 of 100
Slide41Cyc
l
ospor
i
ne
Mechanism
of
action
:
Cyclosporine
preferentially
suppresses
cell mediated immune reactions, whereas
Hum oral
immunity is affected to a far lesser extent.
Cyclosporine blocks
the
transcription
of
cytokine genes
in
activated
T ce
ll
s.
After diffusing into the
T ce
lls, cyclosporine binds to acyclophilin to form a complex that binds to calcineurin. The latter is responsible for dephosphorylatin NFATc. Because the cyclosporine-ca lcineurin complex can t perform this reacbon, NFATc can't enter the nucleus to promote the reactions that
are
required
for the
synthesis
of a number of cytokines, including
I L
2.
The end result is
a
decrease
in
I L
-2,
which
is
the primary chemical stimulus for
in
c
r
eas
in
g
the
no. of
T- lymphocytes
.
Page
41
of 100
Slide42Mechanism
of action
It exerts its immunosuppressive effects in the same manner as cyclosporine, except that
it
binds to
a d
ifferentimmunophilin
, FI<-
binding
protein-12
T
a
cro
li
m
us
Page
42
of 100
Slide43Siro
limu
s
It binds
to same cytoplasm
FK-BP
as
Tacrolimus
,
but instead
of
forming a
complex
with
calcineu
rin,
Sirolimus
binds to mTOR.
Page
43
of 100
Slide44Immunosuppressive
antimetabolites
Az
a
th
i
o
pr
i
ne
M
yc
o
phenola
te
mofetil
M
y
c
o
p
h
en
o
l
ate sodiumThese agents are generally used in combination with corticoster
oids a
nd
ca
l
cineurin
inhi
b
it
ors
,
cyc
l
osporine and
Tacr
o
l
imus
.
Page
44
of 100
Slide45A
zathio
p
r
ine
An immunosuppressive antimetabolite pro-drug.
It inter feres
with
the purin
e synthesis
and is cytotoxic.
This drug
i
s conver
ted
into 6-merca ptopurine and
then to the
co
rr
espo
ndin
g
nucl
eot
i
de,
thioinosinic acid that
inhibit
DNA synthesis.Page 45 of 100
Slide46Myco
p
h
e
nolate mofetil
Mechanism of action
It
is converted
into mycophenolic
acid, which
retains
proliferation
of
both Tand B
lymphocytes
and
reduce
the product ion
of
cytotoxic T
cells
by inhibiting
inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, an
enzyme
crucial
for
de
novo purine
biosynthesis in both T and B cells, so the drug has fairly selective action.Page 46 of 100
Slide47Anti
bod
i
es
Alemt
u
z
u
mab
An
t
i
th
y
mocyte
g
lobulins
B
a
s
i
lixi
m
a
b
Dacl
izu mabMuromonab-CD3Page 47 of 100
Slide48Alemt
uzumab
I
t
exerts its effects by
causing
profound depletion of T
ce
ll
s from the
peripheral
circu
l
ation.
Antithymocyte
globulins
Thymocytes
are
developed in
thymus and serve as
precursors.
The antibodies
bind
tp
the surface
of
circu
lating T lymphocy tes, which then undergoes complement mediated destruction, Ab. Depending cytotoxicity, apoptosis and opsoniza tion. The Ab. Bound cells are
phagocytosed
in
the
li
ver and sp
lee
n,
resulting in
I
ymphopenia
and
impaired
T
ce
ll
responses.
Page
48
of 100
Slide49IL-2
receptor antag
o
n
istB
as
ili
x
i
mab
D
ac
li
z
u
mab
Mechanism of action
Both
compoun
d
s are ant
i
-
C
D
-
2 ant
ibodie
s and bind to the ex chain of the IL-2 receptor on activa ted T-cells.They thus
i
nterfere w
i
th the
proliferation of
these ce
ll
s
.
B
as
ili
x
i
mab
i
s
io
fold
more
potent
than
D
ac
li
zumab
as a
blocker of
IL
-
2 st
i
mu
l
ate
d
T
-
ce
ll
replica
tion
.
Blo
cka
de
of
th
i
s
receptor foils
the ab
ili
ty
of
any ant
i
gen
i
c st
i
mu
lu
s to
act
i
va
te the T-cell response system.Page 49 of 100
Slide50Muro
monab-CD3
Mechanism of action
Binding
to
CD3 protein results in a disrupt ion of T
lymphocyte function
,
because access of antigen
to
the recognition
si
t
e
is blocked
.
Circulating T
-
cells are
depleted
,
th
ereby
decreasing
th
eir
participat
ion in the immune response. Because muromonab recognizes only one antigenic site, the immunosuppression is lessbroad than that seen with the polyclonal antibodies. T cells usuall
y
return
to
normal
wi
thin
48
hours of
discont
inuat
ion of
th
erapy
.
Page
50
of 100
Slide51C
orti
c
o
steroid
s
M
eth
y
l
p
r
e
d
n
i
s
o
lone
Pr
e
d
n
i
s
o
l
onePrednisonePage 51 of 100
Slide52Mechani
sm of actio n
The exact mechanism responsible for immunosuppressive action of corticosteroids is
unclear.
The T
-l
ymphocytes are effected mostly
.
The steroids are able
to
rapidly reduce lymphocyte populations
by
lysis
or redistribution
.
On
entering
the
cells
,
they bind to
glucocorticoid receptor
.
The complex passes into
the
nucleus and regulates
the translation
of
DNA.Among the genes affected are those involved in inflammatory responses.Page 52 of 100
Slide53ANT
IDOTE
Page
53
of 100
Slide54According to WHO
"Antidote was defined as a therapeutic substance used to counteract the toxic
ac
t
ion(
s)
of
a
s
p
e
c
ified
xenobiotic.”
Supportive therapy
correct Antidote
Pt
S
u
r
v
i
valantidotes reduce the overall burden of health service in managing of poisoning casesANTIDOTESPage 54 of 100
Slide55CLASS
IF
I
CAT
ION
OF
A
N
T
I
D
O
TE
According to mode of Action:
Physical
C
h
em
i
c
al
P
hy
s
i
o
logical / PharmacologicalPage 55 of 100
Slide56Acc
o
r
d
ing
to
S
i
te
of
Action:
Interacts with the poison to form a non toxic complex that can be excreted: e.g.
Cheaters
Accelerates
the detoxification of the poison: e.g. N
acetylcystine, thiosulfate
Decrease the rate of conversion of posioninto toxic metabolite
: e.g. Ethanol
, Famepizole
Compete the poison for certain receptors.: e.g. Nalaxone
Block the receptor through which the toxic effect of the poison is mediated e.g. Atropine
Bypass the effect of Poison:02 in the treatment of CO and cyanide toxicity
Antibodies to the poison : digiband and
antivenins
Page 56 of 100
Slide57P
hys
i
cal
Anti
do
t
e
Agent
use to
interfere
with
poison
through
physical properties
,
not change
their nature
Adsorb
i
ng
:
The main
example
is
activated
charcoal
Coat
ing: A mixture of egg & milk make a coat over the mucosa.Dissolving: 10°/o alcohol or glycine for carbolic acidPage 57 of 100
Slide58C
he
m
i
cal An
t
i
do
t
e
Interact specifically with a toxicant, or neutralize the toxicant.
e.g. metal
chelators
combine with metals to form complexes that can then be eliminated by the kidneys
Mainly act by two mechanisms:
Complex Formation
:
Antidote make complex with the toxicant making it unavailable to cross the membrane or to interact with receptors
DMSA
(dimercaprol and dimercaptosuccinic
acid are sulfohydral compounds that bind metal
such as arsenic acid ,lead.
Page
58
of 100
Slide59Sp. Binding agents like
EDTA, defroxamine and D- pencillamine
act by chelation of metal
forming more water soluble complex
Antivenins
and antibodies against dig toxin are immunological generated agents that bind specifically to the toxin or venom
Metabolic conversion:
Detoxification to less toxic product
Nitrite interact with hemoglobin and cyanide to
form
cya
n
omethamog
l
o
b
in
than cyanide and interfere wit access to cytochrome oxidasE
Page
59
of 100
Slide60P
harmacol
o
g
ical
a
n
t
i
d
ot
e
counteract the effects of a poison by producing the opposite pharmacological
effects,e.g
., ACHE inhibitors7 atropine
Pharmacologic antidotes may neutralize
or
antagonize the
effects of a
toxicant.
This type of
antidote
may
act
by following
5
mechanism
.
Page 60 of 100
Slide61By competing with
the Toxicant's action
at a receptor site
a)
Antagonism:
Competitive antagonism
:
Naloxone
/
Naltrexone
:
Upload dependence
,
longer action and affini
t
y for mu receptor.
Flumenazil
:
Antagonist for Benzodiazepine
Atropine
:
organophosphate, carbonate and other
parasympathomimetic
antidote.
It is also used to correct
bradycardia
caused by morphine, digitalis, beta blockers etc
Page
61 of 100
Slide62Non competitive antagonism
Calcium gluconate
Used for calcium channel blocker specially verapamil
Black widow spider bite
Lead colic Oxalic acid Paralidoxime : che activator act by breaking alkyl phosphate che bond. It is used in organophosphate toxicity .
Diacetyl monoxyime DAM:
action same as PAM but with more BBB penetration.
Physostigmine:
Counteract the anticholinergic effect
Page
62
of 100
Slide63Pharmacological
antidot
e
Pharmacologic antidoes may neutrafize or antagonize the effects toxicant.
This type A antidote may act by
following 5 mechanism.
Page
63
of 100
Slide64S
ubun
i
t
Vac
c
i
n
e
s
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ter
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the
DNA
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mpor
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to
toxic
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t
y
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Slide65ANTIVENOM TREATMENT
Antivenom is immunoglobulin purifixed from the serum or plasma of a horse or sheep that has been immunized with the venom of snake.
Moeovalent or monospeific antivenom neutralizes the venom of only one species of snake.
Polyvalent or polyspecific antivenom neutralizes the venorns of several different species of snakes.
The ASV that is available in India is a polyvalent type which is active against the commonly found snakes in India including the favorite four.
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Slide66Mechanical antidote
Mechanical antidotes which prevent the absorption of poison into the body.
Adsorbing:
the main example is activated charcoal
Cooting: A mixture of egg & milk make a coat over the mucosa.Dissolving: 10% alcohol or glycine for carbolic acid
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Slide67Chemical antidote
Chemical antidotes are the agents which change the chemical nature of poison.
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Slide68Antidotes in most common
use in clinical toxicology
Paractamol: N- acetyl cysteine
Opiold: Naloxone.
Iron: DesferroxamineHeparin: protamin sulphate Cyanide thiosulphate sodium nitrate, sodium Theophylline, caffeine Esmolol Atropine Physostigmine Curare poisoning Neostigmine Arsenic Dimercaprol
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Slide69ANTIVENOM SAFFTY
Depends on Type of antivenom. Whole IgG/F ab2/
Fab
Each fragment has different pharmacokinetics efficacy report not supported by clinical data
Dose Route & speed of administration Hypersensitivity skin test has limited predictability value.Page
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Slide70Vaccination and Immunization
Immunization is the process of protecting people against harmful infection before they come into contact with them. It does this by using the body’s own natural defense system, the immune response.
When you are immunized you are given a vaccine usually as an injection which contains a small dose of.
Vaccination just means having the injection. When you are vaccinated, your body produces an immune response, just as you would if you were exposed to the infection but without having the symptoms and this builds up your resistance to that infection. If you come into contact with that infection in the future your immune system will respond fast enough to prevent you from developing the disease.
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Slide71• Variolation: Inoculation of smallpox into skin (18th century). Mortality rate of 1% for variolation; 50% mortality rate from smallpox.
• Vaccine: a suspension of organisms or fractions of organisms that is used to induced immunity • Vaccination:
- Inoculation of cowpox virus into skin (Jenner) - Inoculation with rabies virus (Pasteur)
• Herd Immunity
History of Vaccines Page
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Slide72VACCINE AND SERA
Vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease.
A
vaccine
typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins.Page 72 of 100
Slide73VACCINES
Types of vaccines
Active immunization
Live attenuated vaccines
Inactivated or killed vaccines Toxoids Cellular fractions Combinations
Passive immunization
Immunoglobulin's
Antisera
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Slide74Vaccines
LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES
Bacterial —bcg, typhoid oral ,plague
Viral —polio yellow fever, measles -rubella ,mumps ,influenza
KILLED VACCINES Bacterial -Typhoid ,cholera ,Pertusis ,plague Viral —rabies, salk(polio), Influenza, hepatitis B,
Japanese encephalitis
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Slide75Vitamins & Minerals
Page 75 of 100
Slide76Vitamin FactsVitamins are essential organic nutrients, required in small amounts.
They cannot be synthesized by the body. Must be obtained by outside sources like diet, rumen bacteria & sun.Required for growth, maintenance, reproduction and lactation.
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Slide77Classes of Vitamins
Fat Soluble Vitamins: stored in tissues
Examples
A
DEKWater Soluble Vitamins: not stored in tissues, must have constant supply
Examples
B, B1, B2, B6 & B12
Niacin
Folic Acid
C
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Slide78Function, Deficiency Signs & Sources
Vitamin A
Function:
development healthy skin and nerve tissue. Aids in building up resistance to infection. Functions in eyesight and bone formation. ALL ANIMALS require a source of Vitamin A. It is important in the ration of pregnant females.
Deficiency signs: retarded growth in the young, the development of a peculiar condition around the eyes known as Xerophthalmia, night blindness and reproductive disorders.
Sources:
whole milk, carotene, animal body oils (cod fish and tuna), legume forages and can be synthetically produced.
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Slide79Vitamin E
Function: normal reproduction.
Deficiency signs:
poor growth, "crazy chick" disease, Muscular Dystrophy, "white muscle" disease in ruminants and swine and "stiff lamb" disease (affects the nerves and muscles). Sources: synthetic for poultry and swine, cereal grains and wheat germ oil, green forages, protein concentrates, oil seeds (peanut and soybean oil).
Vitamin E rapidly destroyed in rancid or spoiled fats. That is why these may cause white muscle disease. Utilization of Vitamin E is dependent on adequate selenium.
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Slide80Vitamin D
Function: is essential for the proper utilization of calcium and phosphorus to produce normal, healthy bones.
Deficiency signs:
retarded growth, misshapen bones (rickets), lameness and osteoporosis.Sources: Whole milk, sun-cured hays, forage crops, fish liver oils, irradiated yeast. Page
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Slide81Vitamin K
Function: necessary for the maintenance of normal blood coagulation.
Deficiency signs:
blood loses its power to clot or the time needed for clotting is longer and serious hemorrhages can result from slight wounds or bruises. Sources: green leafy forages, fish meal, liver, soybeans, rumen and intestinal synthesis, and the synthetic compounds.
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Slide82Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
Function: has an effect on the metabolism of calcium in the body (Not required in rations of farm animals.).
Deficiency signs:
none demonstrated in livestock. Human deficiency: scurvy (swollen and painful joints and bleeding gums) and brittleness of bones.
Sources: citrus fruits, tomatoes, leafy vegetables and potatoes.
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Slide83Vitamin B
1 (Thiamin)
Function:
required for the normal metabolism of carbohydrates.
Deficiency signs: loss of appetite, muscular weakness, severe nervous disorders, general weakness and wasting (BeriBeri). Sources: raw, whole grains and especially their seed coats and embryos; fresh green forage; and yeast, milk and rumen synthesis.
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Slide84Vitamin B
2 (Riboflavin)
Function:
necessary for normal embryo development, important in the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates.
Deficiency signs: poor reproduction characterized by small litters and deformed young (cleft palate and club-footedness) curly toe paralysis in chicks, digestive disturbances, general weakness and eye abnormalities.Sources: milk and dairy by-products, yeast, green forages, well cured hay (especially alfalfa), whole grains, wheat bran and synthetic riboflavin rumen synthesis.
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Slide85Mineral FactsEssential inorganic nutrients, required in small amounts.
As many as 20 minerals may be required!Required for growth, maintenance, reproduction and lactation.
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Slide86Who is Cap. KS Naclmg?The Macrominerals
Calcium CaPhosphorous PPotassium KSulfur SSodium Na
Chlorine Cl
Magnesium Mg
Page 86 of 100
Slide87Calcium (Ca)
Function: major component of bones and teeth and essential in blood coagulation, nerve and muscle function and milk and egg production.
Deficiency signs:
retarded growth, deformed bones in young animals (rickets), and soft shelled eggs and osteoporosis in older animals. Sources: milk, oyster shells and limestone.
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Slide88Sodium chloride
Considered together because of a close biochemical relationship and are provided as common salt (NaCl)
Function:
required for the formation and retention, concentration and pH of body fluids, such as protoplasm, blood. Important in the formation of digestive juices and functions in nerve and muscle activity.
Deficiency signs:
poor condition and depressed appetite. Most farm produced feeds are deficient in these two minerals.
Sources:
salt supplements and injectable products.
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Slide89Phosphorus (P)
Function: essential for the formation of bones, teeth, and body fluids. Required for metabolism, cell respiration and normal reproduction.
Deficiency signs:
similar to calcium deficiency, lack of appetite, poor reproduction and unthrifty appearance.
Sources: dicalcium phosphate, bone meal, and low fluorine phosphates.
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Slide90Potassium (K)
Function: retention and formation of body fluids, pH concentration of body fluid and rumen digestion.
Deficiency signs:
nonspecific and unlikely under most conditions but may have decreased feed consumption and efficiency.
Sources: roughages. Grains are less than roughages .Page
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Slide91Manganese (Mn)
Function: Fetal development, udder development, milk production and skeleton development.
Deficiency signs:
Abortions, reduced fertility, deformed young and poor growth.
Sources: Most use trace mineralized salt.
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Slide92I Cu FeSe Mn Mozn!
What’s that supposed to mean?
The Microminerals
Iodine (I)
Copper (Cu)
Iron (Fe)
Selenium (Se)
Manganese (Mn)
Molybedenum (Mo)
Zinc (Zn)
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Slide93Copper (Cu)
Function: should be present in animal tissues for iron to be properly utilized, hemoglobin formation and synthesis of keratin for fair and wool growth.
Deficiency signs:
poor pigmentation of feathers, stringy wool, sway back lambs, lack of muscle coordination and anemia. Sources: forages and copper salts.
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Slide94Iron (Fe):
Function: essential for the function of every organ and tissue of the body (Hemoglobin).
Deficiency signs:
seldom occurs in older animals, nutritional anemia, labored breathing and pale eyelids, ears and nose. Sources: forages and copper or trace mineral salts.
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Slide95Cobalt (Co)
Function: required as a nutrient for the microorganisms in ruminants and thereby aids in rumen synthesis of Vitamin B
12
. Because swine cannot manufacture B
12 from cobalt, the diets are supplemental with vitamin B12 instead. Deficiency signs: lack of appetite, loss of weight, rough hair coat, anemia, decreased milk and wool production and death in extreme cases.
Sources:
legume forages and salt containing cobalt.
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Slide96Magnesium (Mg) Function: similar to calcium and phosphorus.
Deficiency signs:
Animals are irritable, their heart beat is irregular and there is severe kidney damage.
Sources: mineral supplements and ordinary feeds.
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Slide97Poor posture?
Ca & P
Which nutrient deficiencies
does Cap. KS have?
Childless/ reproductive dysfunction?
B
2
& A
Bleeding gums & Scurvy?
C
Lameness?
D & E
Night blindness?
A
Blood won’t clot?
K
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Slide98Vocabulary Review
Nutrients:
chemical substances in food that are
used
by the body to produce energy and
tissues
.
Vitamins:
essential organic nutrients, required in
small
amounts, that cannot be
synthesized by
the body. Required for
growth, maintenance
, reproduction and lactation.
Vitamin deficiency:
decline in health due to the lack of
a
vitamin in a ration.
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Slide99Vocabulary Review
Fat soluble vitamin:
a vitamin that can be stored and
accumulated
in the liver and other fatty tissues.
Water soluble vitamin:
a
vitamin that cannot be
stored
in the tissues.
Must be provided
regularly
as deficiencies
can develop in a short time.
Minerals:
essential
inorganic compounds, required in
small
amounts. Required for
growth, maintenance,
reproduction and lactation.
Macro minerals:
required in large amounts.
Micro minerals
required in small amounts.Page 99 of 100
Slide100Thank
you
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