Personality A.P. Objectives: - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Personality

Slide2

A.P. Objectives:

I can compare and contrast the major theories and approaches to explaining personality (e.g., psychoanalytic, humanist, cognitive, trait, social cognition, behavioral).

I can speculate how cultural context can facilitate or constrain personality development, especially as it relates to self-concept

Slide3

A.P. Psychology Assignment 32: Psychoanalytic and Humanist personality theories pages 190-200

1.

In your on words

and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names:

id

Ego

superego psychosexual stages

defense mechanisms repression psychodynamic theories Inferiority complexcollective unconscious

humanistic theories self-actualization unconditional positive regard self-concept

Sigmund FreudAlfred AdlerKaren HorneyCarl Jung

personality free association psychoanalysis unconscious

Oedipus [ED-uh-puss] complex identification fixation

Abraham MaslowCarl Rodgers

Complete the chart below Function Focus or Principle upon which it operates Personal ExampleIdEgoSuperego

3. Give a brief summary of each of Freud’s psychosexual stages, and explain the conflicts that Freud believed were present during each phase.

Slide4

Using the list found on page 197, create your own example for each defense mechanism.

Explain the problems and criticisms of Freud’s theories. List some of Freud’s theories that endure today.

Complete the chart below

Psychodynamic psychologist Contribution/Theory How was their theory similar and/or different than Freud’s

Karen Horney

Alfred Adler

Carl Jung

Explain the essential difference between the 1960s humanistic view on personality and the earlier emphasis on psychoanalytic view.

Briefly explain the views of Rodgers and Maslow making sure to incorporate the terms; self-concept, self-esteem, self-actualization, and unconditioned positive regard.

Slide5

Psychologists define

personality

as the unique attitudes, behaviors, and emotions that characterize a person. As you might expect, psychologists from each of the different perspectives have different ideas about how an individual’s personality is created.

Slide6

Take a moment to write down what ever comes to your mind about Sigmund Freud.

Use free association

Slide7

Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality

Fathered by Sigmund Freud

Personality motivated by unconscious drives and early childhood and sexual experiences

Stages of Psycho-Sexual Development

(highly disputed and rejected by most psychologist today)

Defense Mechanisms

(still widely accepted)

Slide8

Libido

is the biological force/energy underlying pleasure-seeking activity.

Stages of Psycho-Sexual Development

Freud believed that sexual urges were an important determinant of people’s personality development.

Each of the stages is named for the part of the body from which people derive sexual pleasure during the stage.

Identification- boys start to identify with their fathers

A

fixation

could result from being either

undergratified or overgratified.

Each stage

Slide9

According to Freud. . . .

Conscious Level

Thoughts or motives that a person is currently aware of or is remembering. Preconscious LevelThoughts, motives, and memories that can be voluntarily brought to mind. Unconscious levelThoughts, feelings, motives, and memories blocked from conscious awareness.

Unconscious is not directly accessible

Dream analysis can be a useful tool for gaining insight into unconscious motives.

Much of people’s behavior is controlled by a region of the mind he called the unconscious.

We spend tremendous amounts of psychic energy to keep threatening thoughts in the unconscious. Freud developed a number of techniques including free association. Psychoanalysts ask patients to

free associate—to say whatever comes to mind without thinking.

Slide10

Id, Ego, and Super-ego

These are systems, not parts of the brain, or physical in anyway

Freud used to describe different parts of our personality

Perhaps Freud's single most enduring and important idea was that the human psyche (personality) has more than one aspect.

Slide11

Id

, Ego, and Super-ego

The id

According to Freud, the id (Latin for “it”) is completely unconscious.

It consists of

innate sexual and aggressive instincts and drives

. The id is impulsive, irrational, and immature. It operates on a pleasure principle, seeking to achieve immediate

gratification and avoid discomfort. Gratifying urges returns body to homeostasis.

Connect to a motivation theory

The Id is not part of the brain, but what parts of the brain are responsible for generating the drives that “fuel” the id?Provide a general answerSpecific parts

Develop an answer that adheres to Freud’s theory.How would a person act if they had no ego or super ego. In other words, their personality only consisted of the Id.?

Connect to an emotion

Connect to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Slide12

Id,

Ego

, and Super-ego

The Ego

According to Freud, the Ego (Latin for “self”) operates on the reality principle, which means it is alert to the real world and the consequences of behavior.

The ego is conscious, and its job is to satisfy your id’s urges, but to do so using measures that are rational and reasonably safe.

Connect to a motivation theory

The Ego is not part of the brain

, but what parts of the brain are responsible for fulfilling the drives that “fuel” the id?

Provide a general answerSpecific parts

Connect to an emotion:

Connect to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Slide13

Id, Ego, and

Super-ego

The Super- ego

According to Freud, the Super- Ego (Latin for “above the ego”) places limits on the ego.

The super-ego requires that the ego finds a solution to the id’s demands that are moral and ethical, according to your own internalized set of rules about what is good or bad, right or wrong.

Violation of rules leads to guilt.

Think of the super-ego as your conscience

Link to a motivation theory

The Super-ego is not part of the brain

, but what parts of the brain are for generating the drives that “fuel” the id?Provide a general answerSpecific parts

Connect to an emotion:Connect to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

Explain how the Id, ego, and super-ego form a system of checks and balances

Slide14

Apply your knowledge of the Id, Ego, and Super-Ego to following situations:

A 16-year-old boy strolling down the street in a small town. It is 10 P.M. and he is on his way home. Suddenly he realizes he is hungry. He passes a grocery store and sees food on the other side of the large windows, but the store is closed.

“I’m hungry and I’m going to jump right through this window!!!!”

“No you will get hurt, let’s go see if there is a back door. It will be much safer.”

“No, it is against the law, you must pay for the food.”

“Let’s go to Wawa and buy a

shortie

.”

Slide15

The school year is ending, and final exams are near. You have done well but are having difficulty in your psychology class. You know that in order to get a grade of “B,” the minimum acceptable by your parents, you must score an “A” on the final. You have tried studying but feel it is an unattainable goal. As you are leaving your locker to go home on the afternoon prior to the test, you find a group of papers in the hall which has apparently been dropped by someone. You look down, and find that one of the dropped papers has the heading “PSYCHOLOGY: FINAL EXAM.” You pick up the paper and look at it quickly, noticing that no one has seen you. What do you do next?

“I’m taking this!!!”

“Ok, but first let’s look around to make sure nobody is watching”

“Cheating is wrong, it would be more socially acceptable to return it to the teacher”

“Ok let’s give it back to the teacher.”

Slide16

4 groups of 3

You may have the ones act as ids, the twos as egos, and the threes as superegos.

All of the egos are a group of friends. One of the egos is a boy named “Frank,” whose parents are going away over the weekend. They have indicated that Frank may stay home but may not go out at night or have friends in. The friends are unhappy that Frank cannot join in the weekend fun. His girlfriend, Juanita, is especially unhappy.

Someone suggests they have a small party at Frank’s house anyway.

Frank is skeptical, especially since his grandparents will be home and live on the corner, but is willing to be convinced.

Role-play this situation.

Rules are that the ids and superegos may only speak directly to their own egoegos may speak only to other egos.

Slide17

We all have inner dialogue

Consider the Id, Ego and Super-ego in sort of a checks and balances relationship.

The Self gets pulled in different directions as it tries to balance the urges of the Id with the moral requirements of the super-ego

Biology

Physiological Drives

Aggression

Sex

Conscience

Society and constraints

Sense of morality

Slide18

What happens when checks and balances breaks down?

If demands of the Id become too strong and the unacceptable urges enter into preconscious Freud said we develop

free-floating anxiety

(anxious without knowing why).

Slide19

To prevent the urges of the Id from entering into our consciousness, the ego brings in . . .

Ego Defense Mechanisms

If successful, the discomfort of the anxiety associated with the impulse if relieved. The defenses mechanisms ward off anxiety through self-deception and the distortion of reality so that the id’s urges don’t need to be acknowledged.

Slide20

Slide21

Defense mechanisms used by students when they fail a test.

Slide22

intellectualization

is a defense mechanism by which reasoning is used to block confrontation with an unconscious conflict and its associated emotional stress – where thinking is used to avoid feeling. It involves removing one's self, emotionally, from a stressful event.

Slide23

Slide24

Slide25

Slide26

Complete activity 55-3

Be prepared to discuss your answers

1-10

More if practice desired

Slide27

Slide28

Major Psychodynamic Theorists and Their Theories

Erik Erikson:

Emphasized the social elements of personality development, the identity crisis and how personality is shaped over the course of the entire lifespan.Carl Jung: Focused on concepts such as the collective unconscious, archetypes, and psychological types.Alfred Adler: Believed the core motive behind personality involves striving for superiority, or the desire to overcome challenges and move closer toward self-realization. This desire to achieve superiority stems from underlying feelings of inferiority that Adler believed were universal.

Karen Horney:

Focused on the need to overcome basic anxiety, the sense of being isolated and alone in the world. She emphasized the societal and cultural factors that also play a role in personality, including the importance of the parent-child relationship.

Slide29

Views on Personality

Psychanalytical View Humanist View

Emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind.

Believed that one’s personality was essentially set in early childhood.

Proposed a psychosexual stage theory of personality.

Stage theories are ones in which development is thought to be discontinuous.

Things hidden in the unconscious could be revealed in a number of different ways, including through dreams, free association, and slips of the tongue.

Humanistic perspective of personality focuses on psychological growth, free will, and personal awareness.

More positive outlook on human nature and is centered on how each person can achieve their individual potential.

Carl Rogers:

Believed in the inherent goodness of people and emphasized the importance of free will and psychological growth. He suggested that the actualizing tendency is the driving force behind human behavior.Abraham Maslow: Suggested that people are motivated by a hierarchy of needs. The most basic needs are centered on things necessary for life such as food and water, but as people move up the hierarchy these needs become centered on things such as esteem and self-actualization.

Deterministic

Free Floating AnxietyFree Will

Forward moving

Slide30

Self-concept

is the cornerstone of a person’s personality.

Self-concept is the set of perceptions and beliefs that individuals have about their own nature and behavior. People whose self-concept matches their life experiences usually have high self- esteem and better mental health. Rogers believed that people are motivated to achieve their full potential or self-actualize.

Anxiety arises when self concept doesn’t match reality.

Parents can help their children self-actualize by creating an atmosphere of

unconditional positive regard

in which a child is accepted and loved without any conditions. People must feel accepted in order to reach their full potential.

Carl Rogers

Slide31

How does this contradict Freud?

Slide32

Psychoanalytic

Humanistic

Deterministic,

Stability

Nomothetic

Free-Will

Change

Idiographic

Where do the neo-Freudians fall?

Anna Freud

Erik Erikson

Carl Jung

Alfred Adler

Karen Horney

Slide33

Psychodynamic refers to both Sigmund Freud’s ideas and those of his followers.

His followers both expanded upon his work and refuted his work.

Neo-Freudian theorists, including Erik Erikson, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and Karen Horney, believed in the importance of the unconscious but disagreed with other aspects of Freud's theories.

Psychologists Contributions

Anna Freud

Significantly expanded upon Freud’s Defense mechanisms (Freud mentions repression)

Freud wrote 24 volumes on psychology but never a stand alone work on Def. Mech. Defense mechanisms come from his daughter.

Karen Horney Believed that personality is significantly affected by the unconscious mind

Theorized that both interpersonal relationships and societal factors were key factors contributing to mental development. Believed that the environment of childhood played a key role in personality development. She felt strongly that negative experiences in early childhood could trigger anxiety in adulthood.

Slide34

Alfred Adler Believed that infants and young children are helpless and dependent upon others.

Produces deep feelings of weakness, inadequacy, and incompetence that Adler called an

inferiority complex. Adler believed that individuals deal with feelings of inferiority in either of two ways: They can compensate for real or imagined weaknesses by striving to improve themselves and by developing their talents and abilities.

They can overcompensate for their feelings of inferiority by developing a superiority complex in which they exaggerate their accomplishments and deny their limitations.

Believed the core motive behind personality involves striving for superiority, or the desire to overcome challenges and move closer toward self-realization

. This desire to achieve superiority stems from underlying feelings of inferiority that Adler believed were universal.

Erik Erikson Agreed with Freud that development occurred in stages and that unresolved conflicts in each stage could impact personality.

Didn’t agree with psychosexual stages instead he proposed psychosocial stages. Didn’t agree that development ended at puberty, instead it continued until death.

Slide35

success = virtue of hope failure = fear

success = virtue of Will failure = doubt

success = virtue of purpose failure = guilt

success = Competence failure = inferiority

success = virtue of Fidelity failure = confusion

success = virtue of love failure = isolation

success = virtue of caring failure = self-absorption

success = virtue of wisdom failure = despair

Slide36

Can I trust?

Is it ok to be me?

Can I act?

Can I make it this world?

Who am I, who will I be?

Can I love, do I want to love?

Can I make my life count?

Was it ok to be me?

Slide37

Examples for the 8 Stages of Development

 

Identify an incident in their own life that demonstrates each of the earlier stages. If you cannot remember try to use an example from somebody that you know.

Identify a person you know well in each of the stages you will be going through later.

For both activities describe what you or that person did or does that validates their being in that stage.

Slide38

I'm 99 for a moment

And dying for just another moment

And I'm just dreamingCounting the ways to where you are15 there's still time for you22 I feel her too33 you’re on your way

Every day's a new day

15 there's still time for you

Time to buy and time to choose

Hey 15 there's never a wish better than thisWhen you only got a hundred years to live"100 Years"

I'm 15 for a momentCaught in between 10 and 20And I'm just dreamingCounting the ways to where you are

I'm 22 for a momentAnd she feels better than everAnd we're on fireMaking our way back from Mars15 there's still time for youTime to buy and time to lose15 there's never a wish better than this

When you only got a hundred years to liveI'm 33 for a momentI'm still the man, but you see I'm a "they"A kid on the way, babeA family on my mind

I'm 45 for a momentThe sea is highAnd I'm heading into a crisisChasing the years of my life15 there's still time for you

Time to buy and time to lose yourselfWithin a morning star15 I'm all right with you15 there's never a wish better than thisWhen you only got a hundred years to liveHalf time goes bySuddenly you’re wise

Another blink of an eye67 is goneThe sun is getting highWe're moving on

Each group analysis your assigned section of the song. How is the verse’s explanation of the age consistent with Erikson’s ideas?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tR-qQcNT_fY

Slide39

Carl Jung

The most important difference between Jung and Freud is Jung’s notion of the

collective (or transpersonal) unconscious. This is his most original and controversial contribution to personality theory. This is a level of unconscious shared with other members of the human species comprising latent memories from our ancestral and evolutionary past. The human mind has innate characteristics “imprinted” on it as a result of evolution.

These universal predispositions stem from our ancestral past.

Fear of the dark, snakes, or spiders are good examples.

But the best example of the collective unconsciousness . . .

Slide40

North America

Scandinavia

What three animals is the dragon created from?

Snake

Eagle

Big cat

China

Slide41

The

“persona” (or mask)

is the outward face we present to the world. It conceals our real self and Jung describes it as the “conformity” archetype. This is the public face or role a person presents to others as someone different to who we really are (like an actor).Another archetype is the anima/animus. The “anima/animus” is the mirror image of our biological sex, that is, the unconscious feminine side in males and the masculine tendencies in women. Each sex manifests attitudes and behavior of the other by virtue of centuries of living together. The psyche of a woman contains masculine aspects (the animus archetype), and the psyche of a man contains feminine aspects (the anima archetype).

Next is the

shadow

. This is the animal side of our personality (like the id in Freud). It is the source of both our creative and destructive energies. In line with evolutionary theory, it may be that Jung’s archetypes reflect predispositions that once had survival value.

Finally, there is the self

which provides a sense of unity in experience. For Jung, the ultimate aim of every individual is to achieve a state of selfhood (similar to self-actualization).

Parts of our Personality according to Carl Jung

Slide42

Carl Jung and archetypes

Connect at least 3 of these archetypes to your favorite movie, story, or television program.

https://www.archetypes.com/

Slide43

Jung’s views on personality types greatly impacted  Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers.

The Myers-Briggs test is based on the conceptual theory proposed by Carl Jung,

who had speculated that humans experience the world using four principal psychological functions – sensation, intuition, feeling, and thinking – and that one of these four functions is dominant for a person most of the time.

Note: There are many differences between Jung and Myers-Briggs but the biggest difference is that ½ of Jung’s focus was the unconscious personality. This led Jung to identify 32 personality types and not 16.

Slide44

Slide45

Slide46

http://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/jtypes2.asp

https://www.16personalities.com/free-personality-test

Take this test

Explanation of types

Fun idea and a start to a future assignment

Repeat the above from the perspective of your favorite

figure

(

Past/present Real/Fictional)

https://www.idrlabs.com/test.php

Slide47

Issues with Personality as a science?

Problems with research methods?

Slide48

Connect Personality to one of the enduring Questions of Psychology

Slide49

Connect the ideas of Freud, Jung, Erikson, Horney, and Adler to other parts of this course.

These ideas may lack scientific support but do they lack merit?

Slide50

A.P. Objectives:

I can describe and compare research methods (e.g., case studies and surveys) that psychologists use to investigate personality

I can Identify frequently used assessment strategies (e.g., the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory [MMPI], the Thematic Apperception Test [TAT]), and evaluate relative test quality based on reliability and validity of the instruments.

Slide51

A.P. Psychology Assignment 33: Other Theories and measuring personality pages 200-208

1.

In your on words

and on another piece of paper or on note cards identify the following terms and names:

terror-management theory

trait

personality inventory The Big Five Factors of Personality

reciprocal determinism

positive psychology self spotlight effect self-esteem self-efficacy

self-serving bias narcissism Herman Rorschach

Paul CostaRobert McCreaProjection testThematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Rorschach inkblot test false consensus effect Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

empirically derived test social-cognitive perspective behavioral approach

individualism CollectivismLocus of Control

Martin SeligmanGordon AllportJuilian RotterProvide an example from your own life of the three parts of the reciprocal-determinism model. How might reciprocal determinism impact one’s feelings about taking exams?

Using Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy, George Kelly’s personal-construct theory, Julian Rotter’s locus of control, and Martin Seligman’s learned helplessness Explain how we are both the, “products and the architects of our environment.”

Explain how Gordan Allport differed from Sigmund Freud in his description of personality.

What conclusions did Hans Eyesenck come to regarding personality traits?According to trait theorists Costa and McCrae, what are the five basic dimensions of Personality?

Slide52

Complete the chart below.

Method of Assessment Examples Description Evaluation of quality

Is the method reliable and ValidDirect observation

Projective Test

Self-Reported test

Interviews

Slide53

Slide54

Slide55

Scale from 1 to 10 how much did you agree with the description of your personality?

1 – very little 10 - exact

Slide56

Oreo Cookies and Personality

In 1978, psychologists at the University of Stanford found a correlation between personality type and the manner in which students ate their Oreo cookies.

Correlation coefficient (0.78)

Correlation coefficient between height and sex is (0.4)

Meaning the correlation between eating styles and personality is stronger than the correlation between height and sex.

Slide57

Factor Analysis

Analyze patterns of correlation to extract factors that underlie the correlations.

Slide58

You have a tendency to be critical of yourself. You have a great deal of unused capacity which you have not turned to your advantage. While you have some personality weaknesses, you are generally able to compensate for them. At times you have serious doubts as to whether you have made the right decision or done the right thing. You prefer a certain amount of change and variety and become dissatisfied when hemmed in by restrictions and limitations. You pride yourself as an independent thinker and do not accept others' statements without satisfactory proof. You have found it unwise to be too frank in revealing yourself to others. At times you are extroverted, affable, sociable, while at other times you are introverted, wary, reserved. Some of your aspirations tend to be pretty unrealistic. Security is one of your major goals in life.

Slide59

Choose which method best describes your favorite method of eating Oreos:

The whole thing all at once.

2. One bite at a time.

3. Slow and methodical nibbles examining the results of each bite afterwards.

4. In little feverous nibbles.

5. Dunked in some liquid (milk, coffee...).

6. Twisted apart, the inside, then the cookie.

7. Twisted apart, the inside, and toss the cookie.

Just the cookie, not the inside.

I just like to lick them, not eat them.

10. I don't have a favorite way because I don't like Oreo cookies.

ISTJ - Quiet, serious, earn success by thoroughness. Practical, matter-of-fact, realistic, and responsible. Decide logically what should be done and work toward it steadily, regardless of distractions. Take pleasure in making everything orderly and organized.

ENFP-

Enthusiastic and imaginative. See life as full of possibilities. Make connections between events and information very quickly, and confidently proceed based on the patterns they see. Spontaneous and flexible, often rely on their ability to improvise and their verbal fluency.

ESTJ-

Practical, realistic, matter-of-fact. Decisive, quickly move to implement decisions. Organize projects and people to get things done, focus on getting results in the most efficient way possible. Forceful in implementing their plans.

ISFJ-

Quiet, friendly, responsible, and conscientious. Committed and steady in meeting their obligations. Thorough, painstaking, and accurate. Loyal, considerate, notice and remember specifics about people who are important to them, concerned with how others feel. Strive to create an orderly and harmonious environment.

ESFP-

Outgoing, friendly, and accepting. Exuberant lovers of life, people, and material comforts. Enjoy working with others to make things happen. Bring common sense and a realistic approach to their work, and make work fun.

ENTP-

Quick, ingenious, stimulating, alert, and outspoken. Resourceful in solving new and challenging problems. Adept at generating conceptual possibilities and then analyzing them strategically. Good at reading other people. Bored by routine, will seldom do the same thing the same way, apt to turn to one new interest after another.

ISTP-

Tolerant and flexible, quiet observers until a problem appears. Analyze what makes things work and readily get through large amounts of data to isolate the core of practical problems. Interested in cause and effect,.

ESTP-

Flexible and tolerant, they take a pragmatic approach focused on immediate results. Theories and conceptual explanations bore them - they want to act energetically to solve the problem. Focus on the here-and-now, spontaneous, enjoy each moment.

INTP-

Seek to develop logical explanations for everything that interests them. Quiet, contained, flexible, and adaptable. Have unusual ability to focus in depth to solve problems in their area of interest. Skeptical, sometimes critical, always analytical.

Slide60

How much do you agree with the personality description connected to your eating habits?

Were the results of the cookie test the same as the results of the test you took yesterday? Were they similar?

Do you always eat the Oreo the same way? Connect to a bigger psychology question.Did you eat it differently in front of people? Connect to a bigger psychology question.

How could someone’s family have had an impact on the eating habits? Connect to a bigger psychology question.

Stability vs

Change

Person vs. Situation

Nature vs. Nurture

Slide61

What problem(s) with Personality testing might this made up test exposed?

The

Barnum effect, also called the Forer effect, is a common psychological phenomenon whereby individuals give high accuracy ratings to descriptions of their personality that supposedly are tailored specifically to them but that are, in fact, vague and general enough to apply to a wide range of people. This effect can provide a partial explanation for the widespread acceptance of some paranormal beliefs and practices, such as astrology, fortune telling, graphology, aura reading, and some types of personality tests

Recall what your personality type was from the previous class. On the next slide find the opposite personality type and ask your yourself could that description also apply to you?

Slide62

Projection Test

Projection test presents a person with an ambiguous shape or picture and assumes that the person, in describing the image, will project his or her inner or unconscious psychological processes onto to it.

Rorschach TestThematic Apperception Test (TAT)Biggest issue?

Validity

Slide63

Slide64

Slide65

Slide66

Slide67

Slide68

Slide69

Slide70

Slide71

Slide72

Slide73

Slide74

Slide75

Slide76

Slide77

Slide78

Slide79

Slide80

Slide81

Slide82

Slide83

Make up a story that explains the picture.

Slide84

Slide85

Group A

The results of the three test come from three different people who do not know each other.

Julie- 8th grade math teacher, married with three childrenRichard- a retired computer engineer

Gregory

- a college student majoring in psychology

Slide86

Group B

The results of the three test come from three different people who do not know each other.

Horace- 8th grade student with a history of discipline problemsEdmund- An employed computer engineer who is under parole.

Roderick

- A college student majoring in psychology

Slide87

Interpreting Rorschach Results?

Never used alone to diagnose mental illness

Validity is questionable at best

Slide88

The

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a standardized psychometric test of adult personality and psychopathology.[1] Psychologists and other mental health professionals use various versions of the MMPI to help develop treatment plans; assist with differential diagnosis; help answer legal questions (forensic psychology); screen job candidates during the personnel selection process; or as part of a therapeutic assessment procedure.

Slide89

The Trait Perspective

The trait perspective of personality is centered on identifying, describing and measuring the specific traits that make up human personality. By understanding these traits, researchers believe they can better comprehend the differences between individuals.

Major TheoristsHans Eysenck: Suggested that there are three dimensions of personality: 1) extraversion-introversion, 2) emotional stability-neuroticism and 3) psychoticism.

Raymond Cattell:

Identified 16 personality traits that he believed could be utilized to understand and measure individual differences in personality.

Robert McCrae and Paul Costa

: Introduced the big five theory, which identifies five key dimensions of personality: 1) extraversion, 2) neuroticism, 3) openness to experience, 4) conscientiousness and 5) agreeableness.O.C.E.A.N.

Slide90

Slide91

Complete the OCEAN test

Issues with method.

Stability:Nature vs. NurtureConcerns of Methods: Used dictionary and found all words that dealt with personalityNarrowed them down

Self reporting and as compared to what?

Slide92

Stability:

correlated .50 to .70 across 30 or 40

years (height & sex correlate .40)increases with age (7-year periods)

childhood - .31

young adulthood - .54

age 30 - .64

age 50-70 - .74

Slide93

Nature v Nurture:

Slide94

• biological, non-twin siblings were far

more similar to one another than

adoptive siblings (genetics?)• for personality, children no more similarto adoptive sibling than two randomlyselected children• family plays little or no role?• does personality fix the environment?sibling contrast? split-parent

identification?

Slide95

Review of other theories

Cognitive Theories- Julian Rotter’s Locus of Control

Albert Bandura suggested that personality is created by an interaction between the

person (traits), the environment, and the person’s behavior.

Reciprocal determinism

Self-efficacy- How well we can get something done

Slide96

v

Slide97

Slide98

Big questions

Work on

mit lecturePositive and negatives of personality testCompared to whatSelf reportValidity and reliablityu

Slide99

The Social Cognitive Perspective

The social cognitive perspective of personality emphasizes the importance of observational learning, self-efficacy, situational influences and cognitive processes.

Major TheoristsAlbert Bandura: Emphasized the importance of social learning, or learning through observation. His theory emphasized the role of conscious thoughts including self-efficacy, or our own beliefs in our abilities.

Slide100

Problems with Test

Barnum Effect

Slide101

http://www.utpsyc.org/TATintro/

Slide102

Big Five

http://www.outofservice.com/bigfive/

Trait Test

Eysenck Personality Test

Cattell's Personality Test

Q-sort Test

https://www.ryerson.ca/~glassman/Qsort.html

Jung and Myers-Briggs

https://www.16personalities.com/free-personality-test

Which test do you feel has the most accurate depiction?

Rorschach Test:

http://personality-testing.info/tests/HEMCR.phpGoogle – big five outofservice

Slide103

Big Five Model Test

Slide104

Eysenck Personality Test

Slide105

Cattell's Personality Test

Slide106

Slide107

Slide108

Slide109

Slide110

Slide111

Slide112

Slide113

Slide114

Slide115

Slide116

Slide117

Slide118

Nature

vs

Nurture

Slide119

Determinism

vs

Free Will

Slide120

Mind

vs

Body

Slide121

Reductionism

vs

Holism

Slide122

Science

vs

Common Sense

Slide123

Idiographic

vs

Nomothetic

Slide124

Stability

vs

Change

Slide125

Person

vs

Situation

Slide126

Add up your scores and divide by 3

Average score

Slide127

Add up your scores and divide by 3

Average score

Slide128

Description: “

I think that’s a mask, or maybe an animal’s face- or perhaps a jack o’ lantern.”

Name:

Julie

Base on this response to the inkblot, how unstable do you think this person is?

Very Stable

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Very unstable

Slide129

Description: “

I think that’s a mask, or maybe an animal’s face- or perhaps a jack o’ lantern.”

Name:

Horace

Base on this response to the inkblot, how unstable do you think this person is?

Very Stable

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Very unstable

Slide130

Description:

“That looks like a monster to me, perhaps a gorilla ready to attack.”

Name:

Richard

Base on this response to the inkblot, how unstable do you think this person is?

Very Stable

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Very unstable

Slide131

Description:

“That looks like a monster to me, perhaps a gorilla ready to attack.”

Name:

Edmund

Base on this response to the inkblot, how unstable do you think this person is?

Very Stable

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Very unstable

Slide132

Description:

“Those things at the top look like scissors I think. Or perhaps two people moving away from me. That could be crocodile heads at the bottom left and right”

Name:

Gregory

Base on this response to the inkblot, how unstable do you think this person is?

Very Stable

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Very unstable

Slide133

Description:

“Those things at the top look like scissors I think. Or perhaps two people moving away from me. That could be crocodile heads at the bottom left and right”

Name:

Roderick

Base on this response to the inkblot, how unstable do you think this person is?

Very Stable

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Very unstable