Chapter 15 Fun Personality Tests http wwwoutofservicecom Personality An individuals characteristic pattern of thinking feeling and acting unique amp consistent Each dwarf has a ID: 538965
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Slide1
Theories of PersonalityChapter 15
Fun Personality Tests - http://www.outofservice.com/Slide2
Personality
An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting (unique & consistent).Each dwarf has a distinct personality.Slide3
Part I: The Psychodynamic Perspective
In his clinical practice, Sigmund Freud encountered patients suffering from nervous disorders. Their complaints could not be explained in terms of purely physical causes. Sigmund Freud(1856-1939)Slide4
Psychodynamic Perspective
Freud’s clinical experience led him to develop the first comprehensive theory of personality. Psychological problems are the result of unconscious processes. Bringing unpleasant unconscious thoughts into to consciousness, produces catharsisSlide5
Psychoanalysis
The unconscious mind is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Freud asked patients to participate in free association - say whatever came to their minds – while he looked for links or themes that allowed him to tap the unconscious.
▪
Interpretation of latent (hidden) content of dreams
▪
Jokes, Doodles &
“Freudian Slips”
“It is a pleasure to
beat
, I mean
meet
you this evening.”
Spouses accidentally calling each other “mom” or “dad” or by a past mates nameSlide6
Personality Structure
The mind is like an iceberg. It is mostly hidden, and below the surface lies the unconscious mind. The preconscious stores temporary memories.
Personality develops as a result of our efforts to resolve conflicts between our biological impulses
(
id
)
and social restraints
(
superego
).Slide7
More Emotional
More LogicalSlide8
Id, Ego & Superego
The id unconsciously strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives, operating on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification (selfish).The ego functions as the “executive” and mediates the demands of the id and superego. Operates on the
reality principle
.
The
superego
provides standards
for judgment and for future aspirations (selfless). Operates on the
moral principle
(
the conscience
). Too active = guilt;
not active enough = self-indulgence.
Remember Lord of the Flies from 9
th
grade?
Jack = Id
,
Ralph = Ego
,
Piggy = SuperegoSlide9
5 Psychosexual
StagesFreud believed that personality formed during the first fewyears of life divided into psychosexual stages. During these stages the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on pleasure sensitive body areas erogenous zones) that move around the body as we develop. Freud believed that people can become fixated
(
stuck
) in one of these psychosexual stages depending on their
childhood experiences.Slide10
Adults who are fixated at this stage like to do things with mouth for pleasure: smoking, eating, chewing gum, biting nails & other things, and engage in orally aggressive behavior (sarcasm & argumentative).
Anal retentive are overly-cleanly, neat & organized, stingy, and stubborn. Anal repulsive are messy & disorderly, irresponsible, and engage in temper tantrums.
Oedipal complex – boys have erotically tinged preference for their mother – compete with their father for mother’s attention (Electra complex for girls). Narcissistic pleasure.Slide11
Latency – sexuality is hidden. Children exist in same sex groups. Boys identify with their father and girls with their mother. The “cooties stage” begins sometime around the age of six and ends when puberty starts. Freud believed that in this phase the Oedipus complex was dissolved and set free, resulting in a relatively conflict-free period of development that focuses on learning new tasks.
Genital – Post puberty energy is not focused on your own genitals (like in the phallic stage) but on other people’s genitals. Fixation in earlier stages may hinder this stage.Slide12
Erikson & FreudSlide13
The ego’s
protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.
In other words, its h
ow our personality deals with unpleasant emotions and thoughts.
Defense Mechanisms
http://www.frasierx.net/watch-frasier-season8/S08E09.htmlSlide14
Defense Mechanisms
Repression banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness – motivated/unconscious forgetting. (“I don’t wanna think about it.” A child who is molested, may suppress the traumatic event so that they have no memory of it .)2. Regression leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile or immature stage. (“Fine, I don’t want to do it…you do it.”
Soldiers crying for “mommy” or fighting couples acting immature.
)Slide15
Defense Mechanisms
3. Reaction Formation causes the ego to unconsciously switch unacceptable impulses into their opposites - acting the opposite of the way you feel. (People may express feelings of purity when they may be suffering anxiety from unconscious feelings about sex. Homophobia expressed by people afraid that they are homosexual.)4. Projection leads people to disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. (“All these people think I am worthless” may = “I think that I am worthless.” Your partner tells you how selfish you are, when they are in fact selfish.
)Slide16
Defense Mechanisms
Rationalization offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions. (A person who engages in risky behavior because “everybody is doing it.” You run over a person and tell yourself “I’m sure he would have died soon anyway.” You steal and say, “Well, I spend a lot of money at this store!”)
New Orleans Walmart after Hurricane KatrinaSlide17
Defense Mechanisms
6. Displacement shifts impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, redirecting anger toward a safer outlet – negative! (Mr. Edelstein tends to break remote controls when the Badgers are losing. After being grilled by your boss, you go home & yell at your partner or the dog/cat. Peeing on neighbor’s car after he yelled at you for driving too fast.)Slide18
Defense Mechanisms
7. Intellectualization repression of the emotion connected with a distressing event yet is dealt with as an interesting event (a man who is rejected by a potential love interest states “love is unpredictable”)8. Sublimation a repressed impulse is expressed in the form of a socially acceptable or admired behavior – unacceptable to acceptable. (A man who has hostile impulses becomes an investigative reporter who ruins careers with his stories. Aggressive impulses are transformed into the urge to engage in competitive sports.
) Slide19
Defense Mechanisms
9. Denial refusal to accept or acknowledge anxiety-arousing aspects of the environment. May involve the emotions or the event itself. (“I’m not upset,” “I didn’t lose,” “I don’t have a drinking problem.”)Slide20Slide21
The Neo-Freudians
Carl Jung believed in the collective unconscious, which contained a shared common reservoir of experiences (memories & ideas) derived from our ancestors’ past. This is why many cultures share certain myths and images such as the mother being a symbol of nurturance.
Carl Jung
(1875-1961) Slide22
The Neo-Freudians
Like Freud, Alfred Adler believed in childhood tensions. However, these tensions were social in nature and not sexual. A child struggles with an inferiority complex (physical, intellectual, & social inadequacies) during growth and strives for superiority and power (altruistic, creative, aware, cooperative…). He was the first to study the influence of birth order.
Alfred Adler (1870-1937) Slide23
The Neo-Freudians
Like Adler, Horney believed in the social aspects of childhood growth and development. She countered Freud’s assumption that women have weak superegos and suffer from “penis envy” during the Phallic stage. She proposed that men suffer from “womb envy.”
Karen Horney (1885-1952)
She wasn’t Horney until she got married!Slide24
Projective Tests
Evaluating personality from an unconscious mind’s perspective would require a psychological instrument that would reveal the hidden unconscious mind. Remember the defense mechanism of projection.Slide25
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
The TAT is a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.
Answers reveal Manifest content and then Latent content is discovered.Slide26
Rorschach (Inkblot) Test
The most widely used projective test. It uses a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach. It seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.Slide27
Projective Tests: Criticisms
Critics argue that projective tests lack both reliability (consistency of results) and validity (predicting what it is supposed to).When evaluating the same patient, even trained raters come up with different interpretations (poor interrater reliability).
2. Projective tests may misdiagnose a normal individual as pathological (poor validity).Slide28
Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective
Personality develops throughout life and is not fixed in childhood.Freud underemphasized peer influence on the individual, which may be as powerful as parental influence.Gender identity may develop before 5-6 years of age.There may be other reasons for dreams besides wish fulfillment.Verbal slips can be explained on the basis of cognitive processing of verbal choices.Suppressed sexuality leads to psychological disorders. Sexual inhibition has decreased, but psychological disorders have not.Slide29
Part II: The Humanistic Perspective
By the 1960s, psychologists became discontent with Freud’s negativity. Psychologists wanted to focus on “healthy” people and how to help them strive to “be all that they can be.” Freud studied the ill, while humanists studied the well.
Abraham Maslow
(1908-1970)
Carl Rogers
(1902-1987)Slide30
Growth and Fulfillment
Carl Rogers also believed in the self, an individual's organized and consistent set of beliefs & perceptions about themself. We all seek unconditional positive regard, a genuine acceptance and love from other’s independent of our behavior. Slide31
Assessing the Self
To become fully functioning (self-actualized) we must learn to accept ourselves (unconditional positive regard) and unite the two.When positive regard is not unconditional, conditions of worth dictate behaviors that cause us to approve or disapprove or ourselves. The difference between our real self (the way we actually are) and our ideal self (what we think society wants) is called incongruence. Slide32
Personal Construct Theory
People’s number one goal is to make sense out of the world. Like scientists, people try to explain and predict the events of their lives.People create categories called personal constructs into which they arrange the people and events of their lives.Personality differences between people = how people categorize the same types of events and people.
George KellySlide33
Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective
Humanistic psychology has a pervasive impact on counseling, education, child-rearing, and management.Concepts in humanistic psychology are vague and subjective and lack scientific basis.While Humanists believe that people are fundamentally good, what about humanity’s capacities to commit evils?4. Gender identity may develop before 5-6 years of age.Slide34
Part III: The Trait Perspective
Traits are an individual’s unique collection of long-lasting moods and consistent ways of behaving that makes up his or her personality. Traits are often more situational rather than permanent.Examples of TraitsHonest
Dependable
Moody
Impulsive
Allport & Odbert, identified
18,000 words representing traits.Slide35
How Can We Test and Determine Traits?
Personality Inventories/Self Reports/Objective Tests are questionnaires designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors assessing several traits at once (often rely on honesty with true-false or agree-disagree items).
They are used by humanists
and others and are more common than the projective tests used by psychoanalysts.Slide36
Exploring Traits
Factor analysis is astatistical approachused to see the clustersand describe/relatepersonality traits (it is used for scoring).Raymond Cattell used this approach to develop a 16 Personality Factor (16PF) inventory.
Raymond Cattell
(1905-1998)Slide37
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
4 Pairs of “Preferences”World – Extraversion (E) or Introversion (I)Information – Sensing (S) or Intuition (N)Decisions – Thinking (T) or Feeling (F)Structure – Judging (J) or Perceiving (P)16 Possible Combinationshttp://www.myersbriggs.org/my-mbti-personality-type/mbti-basics/
• Mrs. Cohen’s personality type is ISTJ
• Mr. Edelstein’s personality type is INTJSlide38
Personality Dimensions
Hans and Sybil Eysenck suggested that personality could be reduced down to two polar dimensions, extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability.Slide39
Five Factor Model (Big 5)
Similar to Myers-Briggs, but more modern
* Measures the levelSlide40
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
The MMPI is the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. It was originally developed to identify emotional disorders. It uses a long series of true-false questions.
1.I like mechanics magazines
2.I have a good appetite
3.I wake up fresh & rested most mornings
4.I think I would like the work of a librarian
5.I am easily awakened by noise
6.I like to read newspaper articles on crime
7.My hands and feet are usually warm enough
8.My daily life is full of things that keep me interested
9.I am about as able to work as I ever was
10.There seems to be a lump in my throat much of the time
11.A person should try to understand his dreams and be guided by or take warning from them
12.I enjoy detective or mystery stories
13.I work under a great deal of tension
14.I have diarrhea once a month or more
15.Once in a while I think of things too bad to talk about
16.I am sure I get a raw deal from life
17.My father was a good man
18.I am very seldom troubled by constipation
19.When I take a new, I like to be tipped off on whom should be gotten next to
20.My sex life is satisfactory
21.At times I have very much wanted to leave home
22.At times I have fits of laughing & crying that I cannot control
23.I am troubled by attacks of nausea and vomiting
24.No one seems to understand me
25.I would like to be a singer
26.I feel that it is certainly best to keep my mouth shut when I’m in trouble
27.Evil spirits possess me at times
28.When someone does me a wrong I feel I should pay him back if I can, just for the principle of the thing.
29.I am bothered by acid stomach several times a week
30.At times I feel like swearingSlide41
Part IV: Social-Cognitive Perspective
Albert Bandura believes that personality is the result of an interaction that takes place between a person and their social context (i.e. environment). He called this reciprocal determinism.
Albert BanduraSlide42
Bandura called the process of interacting with our environment reciprocal determinism
.The three factors, behavior, cognition, and environment, are interlocking determinants and influence each other.Reciprocal DeterminismSlide43
Behaviorists
Trait theories do NOT take into account the importance of the situation. Behaviorists say personality changes according to the environment (reinforcers/punishment).If you change the environment then you change the personality. Slide44
Individuals & Environments
How we view and treat people influences how they treat us.Our personalities shape situations.Anxious people react to situations differently than calm people.
Our personalities shape how we react to events.
The college you attend and the music you listen to are partly based on your dispositions.
Different people choose different environments.
Specific ways in which individuals and environments interactSlide45
Personal Control
External locus of control refers to the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.Internal locus of control refers to the perception that we can control our own fate.
Social-cognitive psychologists emphasize our sense of personal control, whether we control the environment or the environment controls us. Slide46
Learned Helplessness
When unable to avoid repeated negative events an animal or human learns helplessness.Slide47
Martin Seligman’ Learned Helplessness
Thought dogs would learn to avoid shockDogs placed in harness and given shocksEven when able to avoid the shocks, the dogs cowered in the boxHypothesis not confirmedSlide48
Learned Helplessness
Dogs learned that they couldn’t control or avoid the shocks, so didn’t even try to avoid themSignificant in the study of depression in humansSlide49
Optimism vs. Pessimism
An optimistic or pessimistic attributional style is your way of explaining positive or negative events.Positive psychology aims to discover and promote conditions that enable individuals and communities to thrive.Slide50
Culture & Self-Esteem
People maintain their self-esteem even with a low status by valuing things they achieve and comparing themselves to people with similar positions. Slide51
Evaluating the Social-Cognitive Perspective
Critics say that most social-cognitive psychologists pay a lot of attention to the situation and pay less attention to the individual, his unconscious mind, his emotions, and his genetics.Slide52