0x003 011 Modified and presented by Mohamed Zaki Topics Simple Computer Architecture CPU Architecture CPU Registers Executing instruction Instruction set types Memory Devices Bus Systems ID: 722371
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Slide1
Hardware Components
1
Lesson 3 0x003011
Modified and presented by : Mohamed Zaki Slide2
Topics
Simple Computer ArchitectureCPU ArchitectureCPU RegistersExecuting instructionInstruction set types
Memory DevicesBus SystemsInput / Output Architecture2Slide3
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE Von Neumann Architecture
CPU/
ProcessorMain MemoryAddress Bus
Data Bus
Control Bus
Input
& Output Devices Slide4
Examples of CPUs
Based on the manufacturer:Intel:
CeleronPentium I.Pentium MMX. ( Multimedia Extension)Pentium II. Pentium III.Pentium 4.Centrino. ( Mobile Technology)Core 2 DUODual coreQuad core Core i series (Laptop, Desktop, and Mobile Device Processors
)Xeon (Server and Workstation Processors)
AMD.ARM
Dual Core A4,A5, A6
ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore
(for iPad & iPhone and others)
4Slide5
CPU Architecture
CPU:
Is the part of a computer in which arithmetic and logical operations are performed and instructions are decoded then executed.CPU Components:ALU ( Arithmetic and Logic Unit) CU (Control Unit)Registers:Are high speed & small in size temporary memory storage areas used during data manipulation ( calculation , comparison , etc..)The clock:It is a circuit for generating pulses that enable computer components to work in an ordered manner .5
CPU : Central Processing Unit. Also called
ProcessorSlide6
CPU Architecture
101010
100001
001010
010100
010100
100001
؟
؟
؟
؟
؟
6
Control Unit
MAR
MBR
Program Counter
Register
ALU
GENERAL PURPOS
REGISTER
Main Memory / RAM / Primary Memory
CIR
Bus : set of wires Slide7
CPU Registers
General purpose registers: are used to hold data before and after it is manipulated. Also used for many operation such addition, subtraction multiplication and logic operations
Special Purpose Registers:Program counter PC: it is loaded with the address in memory of the first instruction location of a program. After fetching, it is increased to point to the next location.Memory Buffer register MBR: all data and instructions pass in and out from the main storage through MBR.Current instruction register CIR:an instruction to be performed will be taken from the main storage via the MBR and placed in register IR.
Memory address register MAR
: prior to each transfer between the MBR and main storage , the exact source or destination of data in the main storage must be specified by MAR.
7Slide8
Executing a Software
Program
8Copy PC contents into MAR & Initiate a memory read
Increment the PC
Copy the instruction
Which is in the MBR into CIR
Decode the CIR
Execute the instruction
The chart shows the steps that the CPU uses to execute a software Slide9
Instruction set types
Arithmetic and Logic inst. Set:
Such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, Increment, decrement, and logical operations, Such as add, sub,mul.I/O instructions:To transfer data between peripherals and memory, or between peripherals and accumulator, Such as movProcessor reference instructions:To stop the microprocessor activities. Such as halt.
Fetch (Load) and store instruction:
To transfer the data between accumulator and memory, Such as load
Memory reference instructions:
To access the memory during their execution, it is both Load + store instructions.
Transfer of control, or branch instruction
: (Executing a Program)
To change the program sequence. Such as
jmp
9
Each CPU has a set of instructions Slide10
Memory DevicesAny memory is constructed from a collection of memory cells, each having unique address.
Each cell contains a combination of binary data(0 or 1).Types of Memory:RAM.
ROM.Cache Memory.10Slide11
Random Access Memory (RAM)
It also called Main or Primary Memory.Programs & Data are stored there before processing .
The larger amount of RAM, the quicker programs will run.More than one type of RAMs are used in modern PCs, like DRAM(Dynamic RAM) and SDRAM(Synchronous DRAM)The data will be lost if the power is cut(Volatile Memory). 11Slide12
Read Only Memory (ROM)
It holds the firmware program (BIOS).
It starts the POST “ power on self test” programIt contains auto-startup program that will load the necessary OS programs in RAM. The information remains in the ROM when the computer turned off. ( Nonvolatile Memory)12Slide13
The Differences between ROM and RAM:
13
ROM (Read Only Memory)RAM (Random Access Memory)
Used to store part of O.S. by the factory.
ROM can be used for read only, we can't write or modify any thing on the ROM.
Not volatile memory (i.e. the information remains in the ROM when the computer turned off)
Used to store programs such as accounting program, games, word processor by the user.
We can use the RAM for read and write data.
Volatile memory (i.e. the information in the RAM is removed when the power turned off)Slide14
Cache Memory
Is a small memory, located close to the processor?Some processors are built with internal cache memory.
It has much shorter access time than the RAM. Therefore, it is used to hold instructions and data that has recently been accessed.There are two types of cache memory: L1 and L2.L1 ( Level 1) internal cache, built in with in the CPU.L2 ( Level 2) external cache, built in with in the Motherboard, L2 is lager than L1. ( A+ Book p 131)14Slide15
CPU, RAM, and Cache Diagram
15
CPUCacheRAM
Write through cache.
Write back cache.Slide16
Hard Disk
16Slide17
Hard Disk
is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information using rapidly rotating discs (platters) coated with magnetic material.A magnetic heads arranged on a moving arm to read and write data to the surfaces.Slide18
Sector
Track
Magnetic polarity determines the bit value (1,0)
Bit Value is 1
Bit Value is 0
Disk Organization
0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
The
Format
Command
is used to create Tracks and SectorsSlide19
Other Storage Devices
Flash Memory DVD Disks Magnetic Tapes Slide20
Storage Device Hierarchy
Registers
Cache
Main Memory
Flash Memory
Hard Disks
Magnetic Tapes
Size
Bytes
M Bytes
G Bytes
G Bytes
G – T Bytes
T Bytes
Speed
1
nsec
10
nsec
100
nsec
msec
msec
sec -min
Hard Disk
and
Tapes
have mechanical movements
Others
do not have and called Solid Sate Devices (SSD)
Slide21
Bus Systems (Connecting them together )
Is a collection of parallel electrical lines which connect the computer components.The buses used to transfer:
Data signals.Address signals.Control signals.Power.21Slide22
Bus Systems
The address bus is the set of wires carrying the addressing information used to describe the memory location, which the data is being sent or retrieved.The size of the address bus indicates the maximum amount of RAM that a chip can address.
Size of memory that can be addressed= 2LWere L = No. of Lines in address bus ( Size of address bus)22Address BusSlide23
Bus Systems
Size of address bus
Size of memorySize of address busSize of memory12116216 ~= 64 KB222 =4
20220 ~= 1 MB
323
=8
30
2
20
=1 GB
4
2
4
=16
32
2
32
=4 GB
:
:
:
:
10210
=1024=1KB11
211=210x21=2 KB
12
2
12
=2
10
x2
2
=4 KB
23
Address BusSlide24
Bus Systems
Examples:1) how many addresses can be built by 3 digits (3 lines):
2n = 23 = 8 address bus locations from ( 000 to 111 ) 2): how many addresses can be built by 3 digits (3 lines):2n = 23 = 8 address bus locations from ( 000 to 111 )24
Address BusSlide25
Input / Output Architecture
The computer has the ability to send and receive data to and from other devices.We can transfer data in parallel and serial lines.When the CPU wishes to send data to a particular I/O devices it places a unique identity code ( address ) onto the address line.
Only the device that recognizes that code will respond to the command that is placed on the control line.25