II The ArabIsraeli Conflict Creating a Jewish State The Road to Israeli Statehood I Diaspora Diaspora a scattering of people with shared ethnicity Often associated with Jews After the failed Jewish Revolt ID: 446638
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Slide1
Unit
II
The Arab-Israeli ConflictSlide2
Creating a Jewish State
The Road to Israeli StatehoodSlide3
I. Diaspora
Diaspora: a scattering of people with shared ethnicityOften associated with JewsAfter the failed Jewish Revolt
against Rome in 70 AD,
the Jews scattered
By 300 AD, Jews were spread throughout Europe and Middle East
They were often
expelled from their new lands
There was no Jewish stateSlide4
Diaspora in Europe (until 1497)Slide5Slide6
II. Zionism
European Anti-Semitism led some Jews to desire a homeland Theodor Herzl was outspoken about the need for a Jewish stateDreyfus Affair (1895) revealed need for Jews to separate (French Jew falsely accused and imprisoned for treason)
Herzl
began a movement known as Zionism
Zionism
: movement for a Jewish homeland
Began
as a secular movement Palestine became
the goal
for a Jewish State
Ottomans refused to secede Palestine
Theodor HerzlSlide7
Herzl addresses Second Zionist Counsel
Britain offered Uganda as a homeZionists declined because they feared losing the support of religious JewsSome Jews began immigrating to Palestine
Bought land from absentee landlordsSlide8
Purchasing land that would become Tel AvivSlide9
III. World War I
Britain promised Arab independence to all of Middle East in exchange for Arab assistance against the Ottoman EmpireBritain also wanted the support of world Jewry Many Jews favored Germany (British enemy) because they viewed Russia (British ally) as
a historic enemy
Balfour Declaration
(1917):
announced Britain’s intention to create a home for Jews in Palestine
Britain hoped Jews in Russia and USA would press their governments to stay/enter WWI
5 days later Bolsheviks
(Communists) took over Russia and withdrew from warSlide10
Posing with Arab flag after WWISlide11
IV. British Mandate for Palestine
Both Jews and Arabs felt betrayed when the Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916) became public
Established British and French mandates
Faisal-Weizmann Agreement
(1919):
Arabs and Zionists mutually agreed to Jewish immigration while protecting the rights of Arabs
Muslim holy places would remain under Muslim
control
Agreement only lasted a few months
Britain was mandated to administer Palestine until it was ready for statehood
Emir Faisal with
Chaim
WeizmannSlide12
State of Palestine Proposed by Zionists at Paris Peace Conference 1919Slide13
Britain’s immigration policies in Palestine favored
JewsNuremberg Race Laws in Germany (1935) led to over 100,000 Jewish immigrants Palestinians thought they were suffering for Europe’s problemsPalestinians responded with revolts
Year
Muslims
Jews
Christians
Others
1922
486,177 (74%)
83,790 (13%)
71,464 (11%)
7,617 (1%)
1931
493,147 (64%)
174,606 (23%)
88,907 (11%)
10,101 (1%)
1941
906,551 (60%)
474,102 (31%)
125,413 (8%)
12,881 (1%)
1946
1,076,783 (58%)
608,225 (33%)
145,063 (8%)
15,488 (1%)
Population of Palestine by religions Slide14
V. Arab Revolt of 1936-1939
Palestinians wanted an independent state and an end to Jewish immigrationStrikes and protests began against British, but soon attacks on Jews were frequentJews formed defense organizations
Haganah
: largest defense organization that tried to protect Jews through arms
It would
become
the core of the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)
Irgun: more militant group that retaliated against attacks on Jews
Labeled a terrorist group by
Britain and later IsraelSlide15
Ceasefire declared in 1937 while Britain sponsored the Peel Commission
Peel Commission suggested a partitioning of Palestine into two statesArabs rejected partitioning – would have relocated 225,000 Arabs and only 1250 JewsFighting resumed, but would sputter out by the end of 1939Slide16
Peel CommissionSlide17
Jewish bus with protective fencing
Irgun’s Symbol
An Arab militiaSlide18
VI. World War II
Britain’s policies began to favor Palestinians in WWIIBritain feared that Arab unrest would jeopardize oil interests in regionBritain released White Paper of 1939
1. Creation of a State of Palestine within 10
years governed by Jews and Arabs
No separate Jewish state
2. Limited Jewish immigration
10,000
per year3. Limited land sales
Only 5% of land was available to Jews
White Paper
infuriated the
ZionistsSlide19
Nazism encouraged immigration
But the British wouldn’t increase quotasAt WWII’s end, Jews turned their forces against BritainIrgun assassinated the British Minister of State of Middle East (in Cairo)Pushed Churchill against Zionists
Haganah
captured and handed over
members of
Irgun
After WWII,
there were over 250,000
displaced
Jews
and hundreds of thousands of refugees
Britain still refused to increase annual
quota. Led to illegal immigration.
Irgun
bombed British owned King David Hotel in 1946
91
killed
Future Prime Minister
Menachem
Begin
helped plan attack
King David HotelSlide20
VII. Britain Withdraws
Britain had little strength or desire to stay in PalestineWeakened from WWIIJews received training in British armyIrgun had worsened British relationship with Jews President Truman supported additional 100,000 Jewish immigrants and a binational
federation of Palestine
Britain announced
plans to evacuate
Palestine in 1948Slide21
VIII. 1947 UN Partition Plan
United Nations was charged with finding a solution for PalestineUN Plan called for the partitioning of Palestine into 2 statesJerusalem would be an international zone under UN authority
Britain’s mandate would expire on May 15, 1948
Jews overwhelmingly accepted the U.N.’s plan
Although they wanted Jerusalem
Arabs rejected the plan
UN General
Assembly voted in favor 33 to 13 and approved the planSlide22
Votes for UN Partition Plan
Green: voted in favorYellow: abstainedRed: voted againstSlide23Slide24
Populations from 1945 data
Territory
Arab and other population
% Arab and other
Jewish population
% Jewish
Total population
Arab State
725,000
99%
10,000
1%
735,000
Jewish State
407,000
45%
498,000
55%
905,000
International
105,000
51%
100,000
49%
205,000
Total
1,237,000
67%
608,000
33%
1,845,000
Data from the
Report of UNSCOP — 1947Slide25
IX. Civil War
A civil war began between Jews and Arabs after the UN passed the Partition Plan Haganah reorganizedGrew to 30,000+ membersNeighboring Arab states stayed out
They feared the presence of the British army
Some “volunteers” crossed into Palestine
Jews were on
the offensive
They seized some land from the U.N.’s Arab Palestine
Deir
Yass
i
n
Massacre enraged Arabs when Jews killed over 100
Arab civilians (by
Irgun)
Over 300,000 Palestinians would flee Palestine
This was the first wave of Palestinian refugees
Golda Meir
(future PM) secretly
met with King
Abdullah (Jordan)
Jordan agreed to seize Arab Palestine, but not encroach upon Jewish Palestine
Jews declared Independence of
Israel on
May 14, 1948Slide26Slide27
Jewish FightersSlide28
Arab FightersSlide29
Palestinian RefugeesSlide30
Golda Meir King AbdullahSlide31
X. Independence: May 14, 1948
David Ben-Gurion became the first Prime Minister of IsraelUSA recognized the State of Israel 11 minutes after the announcementWar would commence just days after the announcement
David Ben-GurionSlide32
David Ben-Gurion declares Israeli independenceSlide33Slide34
XI. 1948 War for Independence
Lebanon, Syria, Egypt, Iraq, and Jordan sent troops against IsraelProblems for Arabs:1. No central command
2. No stated goals
3. Not fully committed
Ceasefire signed with each country
in early
1949
No Arab country made peace with IsraelThe ceasefire lines would hold until 1967 Slide35
Israel after the ceasefire
Notice: who made this map?Slide36
Compared to the
Partition PlanSlide37
Egypt occupied Gaza Strip
Jordan annexed West Bank and East JerusalemKing Abdullah was assassinated (1951)The ceasefire borders become known as the “Green Line”